English Language

as the Universal Language

An introduction to the subject, Grammar and Composition
Prepared By:

RUTH M. NARAG-MAGUDDAYAO
Instructor

The Language as mans oldest and greatest invention. - Adam and Eve - Tower of Babel

Issues in Lang.
Geographical Separation of People Social Distinctions among members of society as the cause of diversity

Every language has a structure divided into:

-phonological (sound of the spoken words) -morphological (FORMS OF WORDS) -syntactical systems (ARRANGEMENT OF ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS)

English Language
The universal language
Standard of Formal English is the language used in public discourses. It is characterized by the tendency to give full treatment to all conventions and elements required for grammatical sentences.

What is Grammar? Etymology: Grammar comes from the Greek word grama meaning letter or written symbol.

Grammar is the science which deals with words, forms of words, word combination, and the relationship between words. .

What is Grammar?

cont. Grammar

It is a system of rules for the use of a language or the study of what is preferred and what is to be avoided in effective speech and writing. It tells us what words do in sentences and how they combine to convey meaning. It is the use of words appropriate to a language as it is spoken and written.

 Grammar helps one... When one speaks w/grammatical errors ... A good command of English grammar will give...

WORDS
In General Classification of Words Formal and Informal Usage Word Order

Classification of Words
Words may be classified into:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Naming words the nouns and pronouns Asserting words the verbs Modifying words the adjectives and adverbs Joining words the conjunctions and prepositions Exclamatory words the interjections

Other Classification of words are:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Abstract Ambiguous Antonyms Archaic Back Informations Back Slang Barbarisms Buzz Words 9. Cliches 10.Colloquial 11. Concrete 12. Confusibles 13. Coupled synonyms 14. Euphemisms 15. Foreign

Cont.
16. Gobbledygooks 17. Homonyms 18. Hypallage 19. Illiteracies 20. Improprieties 21. Janos-Faced 22. Jargon 23. Metaphors 24. Malapropisms 25. Neologistic 26. Obsolete 27. Obsolescent 28. Onomatopoeic 29. Oxymoron 30. Palindromes 31. Pleonasmic 32. Poetic 33. Portmanteau 34. Ricochet 35. Shoptalk

Cont. Cont.

36. Slang 37. Solecisms 38. Substandard expressions 39. Syllepsis 40. Synonyms 41. Tautological

42. Technical 43. Understood 44. Vogue 45. Weasel 46. Wordy 47. Zeugma

General Classes of Words:

Content Words: These are the important words in a phrase or a sentence because they carry the meaning of the phrase or the sentence. These are the nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Function Words: These words perform minor functions in a phrase or sentence. These are pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and auxiliaries.

1.

In General. Ordinarily, the word orders in sentences are as follows: 1.)Subject, verb, indirect object, and direct object. I gave Juan a magazine. 2.)Subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object. I gave a magazine to Juan 3.)Subject, verb, manner, place, and time. She sang beautifully at the concert last night. 4.)Subject, verb, place, manner, and time with respect to travel verbs. She went (travel verb)to Baguio City by car yesterday.

Word Order:

5.) Subject, verb, adverb, and adjective She was very beautiful.

Cont.
2. Adverbs 1.) An adverb is never placed between a verb and its direct object. The lawyer read the order carefully. 2.) An adverb can be placed between a verb and its indirect object. Juan read carefully to Ben the instructions. 3.) Adverbs of frequency go between the subject and the verb. I always go to the cinema. 4.) Adverbs of frequency are always placed after the verb to be. He is always hungry. 5.) Adverb of frequency goes between the main verb and its auxiliary verb or between two auxiliaries. I have never been to Singapore. 6.) The most precise adverb comes first. We arrived at Mabalacat in Pampanga. 7.) Adverbs cannot follow be, become, and verbs of perception.

Cont
3. Adjectives 1.) The word order of adjectives is as follows: opinion, shape, age, color, origin, and material. An Adjective of opinion comes before an adjective of Shape, an adjective of shape comes before age, and so forth. It was a lovely brown table. 2.) Adjectives of the same type should be separated by and. He wore a blue and white shirt. 3.) When there are more than two adjectives of the same type, put and before the last adjectives and a comma after the first and second adjectives. The flag is red, white and blue. 4.) Adjectives can follow be, become, and verbs of perceptions, like appears, look, seems, sounds, and tastes. Pedro looks happy.

Formal and Informal Usage

Some words are accepted as standard only in informal usage and cannot be used in formal usage.

Formal:
Coddle parasite

Informal: to baby free loader

Quiz No. 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Why is the English Language called the universal language? Give the structures that make up a language. Why is Grammar called a science? Why is Grammar called a system? What is the etymological term of Grammar? Give the importance of Grammar in the English Language. One tool that makes a meaningful sentence are the forms of words. Give the five classifications of words that were discussed by the teacher. Give the meaning. Words in the English Language are classified in many forms, what are the two general classes of words? Give the meaning. Give the different types of word order in sentences? Give the rules in adjectives as to its form in a sentence. Give the rules in adverbs as to its form in a sentence.

Remarks : This presentation is a part and parcel of the ways to learning the English Language. Interaction among students with the teacher as facilitator is still the best learning strategy. All additional examples, exercises, seatworks, quizzes and other means to enhance learning are illustrated/ shown on board, hand-outs, and other instructional materials.

References: Painless Grammar by Rebecca Elliott, PhD Fundamentals of English Grammar by Isagani Cruz The McGraw Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage by Lester Beason