Wireless networking Unit-6

Contents
Introduction to wireless networks PSTN Development of wireless networks

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Block diagram
Common air interface (CAI) Base station can handle 50 simultaneous calls 100 base stations per MSC

Local Landline Telephone N/W

Customer premises equipment private branch exchange Central office

Limitation of Wireless Networking

Limitation of wireless networking Provide air interface between BS and users in any location Deployment of BS throughout the networks is necessary MSC provide connections to PSTN spectrum limitation, handoff

Comparison
Wireless Network is extremely complex, unlike static local, fixed telephone network Wireless network requires an air interface between base stations and subscribers for any possible user locations, complex propagation media, hundreds of base stations.

Comparison
Fixed Networks (PSTN)
Highly static High bandwidth possible (fiber Optic or coaxial)

Wireless Network

Highly dynamic RF bandwidth provided for each user

First Generation Wireless Networks

AMPS(Advanced mobile phone services): FM modulation

First Generation Wireless Networks

Roaming

First Generation Wireless Networks

SS7 signaling and PSTN network

IS-41
Network protocol standard to allow automatic registration of roamers inter operator roaming Allow MSCs of different service providers to pass information about subscribers to other MSCs on demand HLR Home Location Register real time user list VLR Visitor Location Register AUC Authentication Center

IS-41
Mobile periodically keying up and transmitting its identity information which allows MSC to constantly update its customer list. The registration command is sent in overhead message of each control channel at 5-10 minute intervals MIN Mobile Identification Number ESN Electronic Serial Number

Second Generation Wireless Networks

Digital modulation and advanced call processing capability GSM, TDMA(IS136) and CDMA (IS95) Cordless phone: CT2 (US) Base station controller, standardized of interface, reduce burden of MSC Signaling in air interface, between MSC, and between PSTN Beyond voice, paging, data service such as fax, high data rate Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)

Third Generation Wireless Networks

A single standard to meet a wide range of wireless applications and provide universal access Broadband integrated services digital network: B-ISDN Voice, data, and video; dense or sparsely populated; stationary users and vehicular users packet radio IMT-2000 , UMTS

Fixed network transmission hierarchy

Wireless n/w heavily rely on landline connections Ex: MSC connects to PSTN using fiber optics and copper cables or microwave links. Base stations in cellular systems are connected using line of sight microwave links. Connections require high data rate serial transmission schemes to carry large no of voice channels Several standard digital signaling (DS) formats form tx hirarchy that allows high data rate digital n/w

Traffic routing in wireless network

Connection oriented service Connectionless service First generation Circuit switching: MSC dedicates a voice channel connection between base station and PSTN for duration of cell phone call As calls are initiated and completed, different radio circuits and dedicated PSTN voice circuits are switched in and out to handle traffic

Circuit switching
Wireless data networks are not well supported by circuit switching, due to their short, bursty transmissions. often, time required to establish a circuit exceeds the duration of data transmission Circuit switching is best suited for dedicated voice-only traffic, or for instances where data is continuously sent over long periods of time

Packet Switching
Chop large packet to small IP packets. Channel efficiency and bursty data transmission

Packet Switching
Packet switching breaks each message into smaller units for transmission and recovery. When a message is broken into packets, a certain amount of control information is added to each packet to provide source and destination information and identification Header contains source address, destination address, packet sequence number, and other routing and billing information Trailer - contains cyclic redundancy checksum which is used for error detection at receiver.

Packet Switching
Provides excellent channel efficiency for data transmission, since the channel is utilized only when sending or receiving bursts of information

Function of various fields

Flag Bits->indicate the beginning and end of each packet Address Field-> Contain source and destination address. Control Field->define fns such as transfer ACK, ARQ and packet sequencing. Info field-> Contain user data Frame check seq field-> used for error detection

X.25 Protocol
Standard interface in lower 3 layers X25 is widely used packet radio protocol developed by International Telecommunication Union

Common Channel Signaling

Digital Technique that provides simultaneous transmission of user data, signaling data and other related traffic through a network. [Mobile <> BS <> MSC <>MSC ] Uses out of band signaling channels

Common Channel Signaling

Integrated services digital network (ISDN)

Complete network framework designed around the concept of common channel signaling Parallel worldwide network for signaling traffic that can be used to either route traffic on PSTN or provide new services between network nodes and end users, ISDN has Information bearing channels called Bearer channels (B channels) Out of band signaling channels, called data channels (D channels)

 BRI: basic rate interface for small capacity terminals PRI: Primary rate interface for large capacity terminals B channels support 64 kbps data for both primary and basic rate interface D channels support 64 kbps data for primary and 16 kbps for basic rate

ISDN

Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)

End user applications require greater bandwidth for computer systems and video imaging Based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology which allows packet switching 2.5 Gps

Wireless Data Services

CPDP: cellular digital packet data ARDIS: Advanced radio data information system RMD: RAM mobile data

Wireless Data Services

Advanced Radio Data Information Systems

Ram Mobile Data