Solutions and Colloids

Homogeneous (or nearly homogeneous) Mixtures

Solutions
Homogeneous mixtures s Solvent = dissolving medium
s

often liquid; frequently water gas in air and other gas solutions rarely a solid
s

Solute(s) = dissolved material(s)

solids, liquids, and/or gases often more than one solute

Water as Solvent
Form aqueous solutions s Many biological fluids are solutions or have solution components s One of best solvents for dissolving ionic substances s Poor solvent for non-polar covalent substances.
s

O
+

Water
H
-

O H O H
-

H
+

+ H

H-bonding binds water molecules tightly.

H H O
-

H +

Water
Water is one of best solvents for ionic material (electrolytes) s Waters polar molecular structure interacts strongly with charged ions s Water --- Ion attractions replace ion---ion and water --- water attractions with little net energy change
s

Water

Crystals +/- attractions cause lattice energy, which must be overcome to break up crystal.

Na+

Cl-

Water

Na+

Cl-

Water

Void weakens crystal and makes it more likely to break up in vicinity.

Several more H2O molecules may associate

Na+

Cl-

Water

Na+

Cl-

Water

Na+

Cl-

Water
Note: Positive ions associate with negative ends of waters, and negative ions associate with positive ends of waters.

Na+

Cl-

+/- forces release energy

Water
s

In similar fashion, the entire crystal dissolves

positive ions link to oxygen of water negative ions link to hydrogen of water process call hydration

Hydration releases energy s Hydration energy compensates for lattice energy.

s

Water

Water

An exothermic dissolving process. Hydration energy is greater than lattice energy.

Water

Water

An endothermic dissolving process. Lattice energy is greater than hydration energy.

Water
s

Exothermic processes release energy

Temperature of surroundings increase. Hydration energy grater than lattice energy.

Endothermic processes absorb energy.

Temperature of surroundings decrease . Lattice energy greater than hydration energy.

Solution Concentrations
s s s s

Dilute
Small amount of solute for given solvent

Concentrated
Large amount of solute for given solvent

Saturated
Maximum amount of solute for given solvent

But these terms are qualitative, not quantitative, and are open to interpretation.

Solution Concentrations

20 gal.

Solution Concentrations

. Dilute or Concentrated???

Solution Concentrations

. Dilute or Concentrated???
.

Solution Concentrations
s

It depends, of course, on ones point of view.

Its only a teaspoon in 20 gallons. Dilute?? But this concentration is far beyond the lethal dose for the fish. Concentrated???

Solution Concentrations
Expressed as a ratio of the amount of solute to the total amount of solution:
grams Concentration = Amount of solute Total amount of solution

(%, w/v)

mL

Solution Concentrations
Expressed as a ratio of the amount of solute to the total amount of solution:
mass (grams) Concentration = Amount of solute Total amount of solution

(%, w/w)

mass unit (grams)

Solution Concentrations
Expressed as a ratio of the amount of solute to the total amount of solution:
mg Concentration = Amount of solute Total amount of solution

( mg %)

dL

Solution Concentrations
Expressed as a ratio of the amount of solute to the total amount of solution:
moles Concentration = Amount of solute Total amount of solution

( molarity, M)

Liters

Solution Concentrations
% Concentration has multiplier of 100 to place ratio on parts per 100 basis:

%, w/v =

Grams of solute mL of solution

X 100

Solution Concentrations
Concentration has multiplier of 1000 to
place ratio on parts per 1000 total basis:

Grams of solute mL of solution

X 1000

Solution Concentrations
ppm concentration has multiplier of 106 to place ratio on parts per million total basis:

ppm

Grams of solute = mL of solution

X 106

Solution Concentrations
Practice situation:
4.75 grams of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 750 mL of solution. What is the % (w/v) concentration of this solution?

%, w/v =
%=

Grams of solute mL of solution

X 100

4.75 g 750 mL

X 100 = 0.633 %

The g/mL units are understood but not included.

Solution Concentrations
4.75 grams of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 750 mL of solution. What is the % (w/v) concentration of this solution?

The concentration is 0.633 % (w/v).

0.633% NaCl
750 mL

Solution Concentrations
Another:
12.5 grams of H2SO4 is dissolved in sufficient water to make 0.500 liters of solution. What is the % (w/v) concentration of this solution? Grams of solute X 100 %, w/v = mL of solution Solution volume units must be converted from liters to mL 12.5 g X 100 = 2.50 % before doing calculations: 0.500 L = 500 mL. %= 500 mL The g/mL units are understood but not included.

Solution Concentrations
s

Once known, the solution concentration works as a conversion factor.

Establishes the relationship between amount of solute and volume of solution. For % (w/v) concentrations, conversion factors derive from this relationship: %-Value grams of solute = 100 mL solution

Solution Concentrations
Once known, the solution concentration work as a conversion factor.
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): 0.85 % NaCl means 0.85 g NaCl = 100 mL solution and the conversion factors are 0.85 g NaCl 100 mL solution or 100 mL solution 0.85 g NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): What mass of NaCl is present in 2000 mL of 0.85% NaCl solution?

How much dissolved NaCl is in this 2000 mL of saline solution?

0.85% NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): What mass of NaCl is present in 2000 mL of 0.85% NaCl solution? 0.85 g NaCl 2000 mL soln X 100 mL solution = 17.0 g NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): What mass of NaCl is present in 2000 mL of 0.85% NaCl solution?

17.0 grams of dissolved NaCl is present in 2000 mL of this solution

0.85% NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): What volume of 0.85% NaCl solution should contain 2.50 grams of dissolved NaCl? What volume will contain 2.50 grams of dissolved NaCl?

0.85% NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): What volume of 0.85% NaCl solution should contain 2.50 grams of dissolved NaCl? 2.50 g NaCl 100 mL solution X 0.85 g NaCl = 294 mL soln

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): What volume of 0.85% NaCl solution should contain 2.50 grams of dissolved NaCl?

294 mL of this solution contains 2.50 grams of dissolved NaCl.

0.85% NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Three types of calculations dealing with concentrations: Given the amount of solute and total solution, determine the concentration. s Given the concentration and amount of solution, find the amount of solute. s Given the concentration and the amount of solute, determine the amount of solution.
s

Solution Concentrations
Three types of calculations dealing with concentrations:
2 Amount of solute Total amount of solution 3

Concentration =

Solution Concentrations
Given any two , be able to calculate the third:
2 Amount of solute Total amount of solution 3

Concentration =

Solution Concentrations
Molarity
M= Moles of solute Liters of solution

4.75 grams of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 750 mL of solution. What is the molarity of NaCl in this solution? We previously determined this solution to be 0.633%; what is its molarity?

Solution Concentrations
Molarity
M= Moles of solute Liters of solution

The 4.75 grams of NaCl will need to be converted to moles before the calulations are done. Similarly, to make units match, the 750 mL will be converted to liters.

Solution Concentrations
Molarity
M= Moles of solute Liters of solution

4.75 grams of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 750 mL of solution. M = ? 1 mole NaCl 4.75 g NaCl X 58.5 g NaCl 1 Liter 750 mL X 1000 mL = 0.0812 mole NaCl = 0.750 L

Solution Concentrations
4.75 grams of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 750 mL of solution. M = ? M= M= Moles of solute Liters of solution 0.0812 moles NaCl 0.750 Liters of solution 0.0812 mole NaCl 0.750 L

= 0.108 M NaCl = 0.108 moles NaCl/L

Solution Concentrations
4.75 grams of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 750 mL of solution. What is the % (w/v) concentration of this solution and what is its molarity? The concentration is 0.633 % (w/v) and is 0.108 M

0.633% 0.108 M NaCl

750 mL

Solution Concentrations
Given any two , be able to calculate the third:
2 Amount of solute Total amount of solution 3

Concentration =

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
Examples (all are wt/vol percents): How many moles of NaCl is present in 2000 mL of 0.225-M NaCl solution? How much dissolved NaCl is in this 2000 mL of saline solution?

0.225M NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
How many moles of NaCl is present in 2000 mL of 0.225-M NaCl solution? 0.225 moles NaCl 1L x 2000 mL soln x = 0.450 moles 1000 mL 1 L solution Or 0.225 moles NaCl 2000 mL soln x 1000 mL solution = 0.450 moles NaCl

Solution Concentrations
Using the concentration as a conversion factor:
What volume of 0.225-M NaCl solution will contain 0.0175 moles of dissolved NaCl? 1L x 1000 mL = 77.8 mL 0.0175 moles x 0.225 Moles 1 L Or 1000 mL solution = 77.8 mL soln 0.0175 moles NaCl x 0.225 moles NaCl

Solution Stoichiometry
Just as grams of a pure substance and its FW determine moles of the substance, so do volulme and molarity of a substance in its solution. s As for pure substance stoichiometry, solution stoichiometry usually involves a three-step approach:
s

Solution Stoichiometry
Consider reaction of 0.200-M HCl with sodium carbonate:

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O 25.0 mL

Use volume and HCl molarity

?g
Use moles and FW of Na2CO3

? moles

Use Equation Coefficients

? moles

How many grams of Na2CO3 will react with 25.0 mL of 0.200-M HCl solution?

Solution Stoichiometry
Consider reaction of 0.200-M HCl with sodium carbonate:

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O 25.0 mL

Use volume and HCl molarity

?g
Use moles and FW of Na2CO3

? moles

Use Equation Coefficients 0.200 mole HCl x 1 mole Na2CO3 x 25.0 mL HCl x 2 mole HCl 1000 mL HCl = 0.265 grams Na2CO3

? moles

106 g Na2CO3 1 mole Na2CO3

Solution Stoichiometry
Consider reaction of 0.200-M HCl with sodium carbonate:

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O ? mL 5.00 g

Use moles and HCl molarity Use grams and FW

? moles Use Equation ? moles

Coefficients

What volume of 0.200-M HCl solution is required for reaction with 5.00 grams of Na2CO3?

Solution Stoichiometry
Consider reaction of 0.200-M HCl with sodium carbonate:

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O ? mL 5.00 g

Use moles and HCl molarity Use grams and FW

? moles

Use Equation Coefficients

? moles

1 mole Na2CO3 x 2 mole HCl x 1000 mL HCl 5.00g Na2CO3 x 0.200 mole HCl 1 mole Na2CO3 106 g Na2CO3 = 472 mL HCl solution

Solution

Solutions vs Colloids

Solute particle are of ionic or molecular size (a few nm across) Transparent to ordinary light Stable unless solvent evaporated
s

Colloids
Solute (called dispersed phase) typically 1000 nm or more per particle Giant molecules (or clumps of smaller ones) Not totally transparent Tyndall Effect Dispersed phase may separate out (similar to separation of mayonnaise).

Solutions vs Colloids
The Tyndall Effect

True Solution

Colloidal Mixture

Solutions vs Colloids
The Tyndall Effect

True Solution

Colloidal Mixture

Transmembrane Diffusion

Solution (H2O + Solutes)

Pure H2O

Semipermeable membrane
Only water passes through osmotic membranes and faster from the side on which water is more concentrated.

Transmembrane Diffusion

Solution (H2O + Solutes)

Pure H2O

Semipermeable membrane
Diffusion rates tend to equalize as flow continues.

Osmotic Pressure
P

If applied pressure is too low, H2O flows into the region of higher solute concentration... Down the concentration gradient for H2O.

Membrane

H2O + Solutes

Pure H2O

Osmotic Pressure

If applied pressure is too high, H2O flows into the region of lower solute concentration... Against the natural concentration gradient for H2O. --Reverse Osmosis

Membrane

H2O + Solutes

Pure H2O

Osmotic Pressure

Minimum pressure required to maintain equal flow rates (to prevent infusion of H2O). Proportional to solute concentration differences across membrane.

Membrane

H2O + Solutes

Pure H2O

Solution

Solutions vs Colloids

Solute particles are of ionic or molecular size Transparent to ordinary light Stable unless solvent evaporated May pass through dialytic, but not true osmotic, membranes Colloids Typically 1000 nm or more per particle Not totally transparent Tyndall Effect May separate out Particles too large to pass through most membranes

Transmembrane Diffusion

NaCl more concentrated here

Mixture H2O (H2O, NaCl + Na Cl , protein)

Pure H2O

Dialytic membrane

H2O more concentrated here

Water and solutes pass down concentration gradient through dialytic membrane. Colloids do not cross membrane.

Solution Concentrations
Expressed as a ratio of the amount of solute to the total amount of solution:
Osmoles (total moles) Concentration = Amount of solute Total amount of solution

( Osmolarity, osM)
Liters

For certain solutes, osM will equal M.

Osmolarity
s

Calculating
Total of molarities of all types of solute particles in the solution. For ionic solutes, the ions are separated; and each ion has a separate molarity to be totaled. Molecular solutes have same molarity and osmolarity, but each different solute needs to be included.

Impact
Osmolarity determines osmotic pressure Useful in determining net direction of H2O flow across membranes.

Osmolarity
Solute, M Osmolarity

0. 25-M C6H12O6 (molecular) 0. 25-osM 0. 25-M NaCl (ionic) 0. 10-M CaBr2 (ionic) 0. 05-M Fe2(SO4)3 (ionic) 0. 50-osM (0.25-M Na+ + 0.25-M Cl-) 0. 30-osM (0.10-M Ca+ + 0.20-M Br-) 0. 25-osM (0.10-M Fe3+ + 0.15-M SO42-)

Transmembrane Diffusion
Dialytic membrane 1.0 osM + 2% colloid 0.2 osM 0.6 osM
0.1-M NaCl 0.2-M CaCl2 0.2-M C6H12O6 2% starch

H2O

ClCa2+ C6H12O6

0.6 osM + 1% colloid 0.2 osM

0.3 osM 0.2 osM 0.1 osM

0.1-M NaCl 0.1-M CaCl2 0.1-M C6H12O6 1% starch

Transmembrane Diffusion
Dialytic membrane 1.0 osM + 2% colloid Hypertonic
0.1-M NaCl 0.2-M CaCl2 0.2-M C6H12O6 2% starch

H2O

ClCa2+ C6H12O6

0.6 osM + 1% colloid Hypotonic

0.1-M NaCl 0.1-M CaCl2 0.1-M C6H12O6 1% starch

Water flows into hypertonic fluid (where water is less concentrated).

Transmembrane Diffusion
Arterial End Arterial End
Head pressure --High Tissue Cell
Wastes Nutrients

Venous End Venous End

Head pressure --Low

Head pressure of heart pushes nutrients and water into cell (PBLOOD> POSMOTIC).

Hypertonic blood draws wastes into blood (POSMOTIC>PBLOOD) .

Solution Concentrations
4.75 grams of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make 750 mL of solution. What is the % (w/v) concentration of this solution?

The concentration is 0.633 % (w/v).

0.633% NaCl
750 mL