Preliminary Concepts
Physics the study of matter (and/or energy?) Scientific notation:
Earth Radius: Earth Sun distance: Speed of light: Diameter of atom: Diameter of proton: 6.4 x 106 m 1.5 x 1011 m 3.0 x 108 m 1.0 x 10-10 m 2.0 x 10-15 m
When working with scientific figures, round the result in order to match the least precise figure. What to measure? Position, time and mass (well leave electric charges & temperature for later) Ideal particles
In order to describe motion, we need the position of the particle, and the time at which it had that position Coordinate grid + array of synchronized timing devices reference frame (position + time)
Parallax: Displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight
Time Intervals
Age of the Universe Age of the Solar System Age of oldest fossil Age of human species From Sun to Earth From Moon to Earth Sound wave 4.0 x 1017 s 1.4 x 1017 s 1.1 x 1017 s 7.9 x 1012 s 5.0 x 102 s 1.3 x 100 s 3.8 x 10-3 s
Other Units
1 avoirdupois pound = 0.45359 Kg 1 ounce = 1/16 pound = 28.35 g 1 Metric Ton = 103 Kg 1 Ton (1,000 lb) = 907 Kg 1 troy pound = 0.82286 avoirdupois pound 1 troy pound = 12 troy ounces 1 troy ounce = ( 192 / 175 ) * avoirdupois ounce
Derived Units
Base units: the meter, the second, and the kilogram Derived units are constructed by a combination of the base units. Area (meters squared); volume (meters cubed) Density (Kg / meters3) Speed (meters / seg)
Warm-up Exercises
Conversion of Units
Always check unit consistency Ratios of two quantities with identical dimension or units will have no dimensions at all; they are called dimensionless quantities.
Basic trigonometrical functions of the right triangle; law of sines; law of cosines Basic algebra: equation systems, quadratic equations
Lets solve
Page 22, Nos. 13 15 Page 23
Nos. 26 & 27 Nos. 36 38
Just in case.
Chapter 3: Vectors
Displacement of a particle: a change of its position The arrow drawn from an initial point P1 to a final point P2 is called the displacement vector. A displacement vector is defined by its length and direction. Velocity, acceleration, and force are vectors. Length, time, mass, temperature, and energy are scalars.
Lets go 3-D
In space, the vector is the diagonal of the box formed. The position vector and other vectors are expressed in terms of unit vectors:
i (used for the x axis) j (used for the y axis) k (used for the z axis)
The magnitude of the unit vectors is (of course) 1. Vectors expressed in terms of unit vectors:
A = 2i + 3j 2k A = (2 ; 3 ; -2)
Vector Multiplication
Dot Product: also called the scalar product, is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. Notation: A . B = |A|*|B|*Cos(A,B) When will it be positive, negative or cero? A . B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz + The dot product of a vector and a unit vector, will give the first vectors component in that direction. Dot product is commutative
Cross Product
Also called the vector product, because the result of this multiplication is another vector. A x B produces another vector:
Perpendicular to A and B With a magnitude equal to the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors times the sine of the angle between them
For the direction of the resulting vector, use the righthand rule AxB=-BxA i x i = 0; j x j = 0; k x k = 0 ixj=k;jxk=i;kxi=j
Now, we exercise
Page 88; Section 3.2: 12 to 15 Page 89; Section 3.3: 30 to 36 Page 90; Section 3.4: 47 to 65 Homework: Review problems (pg 91)
Group 1: 66, 68, 70, 74, 76 Group 2: 67, 69, 71, 73, 75 For everyone: 72, 77, 78
Chapter 2: Motion
Mechanics: the branch of Physics that studies bodies in motion. Two major divisions:
Kinematics (position, velocity, and acceleration) Dynamics (force)
As a first approach, we will study translational motion of a particle (leaving rotational and internal motions for later). Average speed = total distance traveled / time taken Motion and speed are relative to the frame of reference with respect to which it is calculated.
Instantaneous velocity
Defined from a graphical point of view as the slope of the tangent that touches the plot at a specific time. Can the average velocity be equal to the instantaneous velocity? Discuss. Using a mathematical approach:
v = lim (Dx/Dt)
Dt0
Acceleration
The average acceleration is defined as the change of velocity divided by the change of time Units : meters / seg2 If a vehicle is speeding up while moving in the negative direction, what happens to its acceleration? And if its slowing down? Instantaneous acceleration is equal to the slope of the tangent drawn on the plot of velocity vs. time. It is also the first derivative of the velocity, hence: a = (d/dt)(dx/dt) = d2x/dt2
a = (v2 v1) / (t2 t1)
The average velocity, at a constant acceleration, is the average of two values: initial and final velocity:
v = (Vf + V0)/2; or v = V0 + at/2
If we isolate t from Eq. 1 and replace it in Eq. 2, we will find a direct relationship between position and velocity (go ahead, find it): In free fall, the acceleration is a constant usually denoted by g, and it is equal to 9.81 m/s2 Standard gs, terminal velocity
(x x0) = (vf2 v02) /2a (Eq. 3)
Projectile Motion
The only acceleration experienced by a body that has been launched, is gravity (vertical acceleration). Therefore, the x component of acceleration is ZERO, and the y component of acceleration is -g (-9.81 m/s2). So we have linear uniform motion for the x axis, and motion with constant acceleration for the y axis.
Exercises
They begin on page 121, as usual practice the exercises with an asterisk (they should be the most challenging ones). And finally, homework:
Review problems, page 127: everyone solves exercises 102 to 105.