People Management

BM014-1

Approaches to motivation

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Define motivation Explain fear Understand Content Theories of Motivation: 1.Needs Hierarchy Theory 2.Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory
People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Quick Review Question

1. A knowledge of theories of motivation can help managers to achieve their organisations goals and objectives. Discuss.
2. What are the disadvantages of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs?

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Motivation
Definition: Motivation refers to the forces within a person that affect his or her DIRECTION, INTENSITY and PERSISTENCE of voluntary behaviour
(McShane and Von Glinow, 2003)

According to McShane and Von Glinow (2003), motivated employees are willing to exert : i. a particular level of effort (intensity), ii. for a certain amount of time (persistence), iii. toward a particular goal (direction)
People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Motivation

Motivating employees challenging because:

has

become

very

Organisations change the jobs that people perform Employee needs are changing

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Fear
What is fear?
Fear is an emotional response to threats and danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of pain.

Is using fear an effective way to get the job done?

People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Need for self actualization

Esteem need Belongingness need Security or safety needs Physiological needs

People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs He set out the theory of human needs According to him, human needs form a hierarchy. These needs form a pyramid with the physical needs (lower needs) at the base while the need for the realisation (higher needs) at the apex The lower needs must be satisfied for the emergence of higher ones
People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs According to him, every individual has a hierarchy of needs At any one moment, there is one need which is dominant and remain dominant until it is satisfied Once that need is satisfied, it is no longer a MOTIVATOR It is replaced by a higher order need which has not been satisfied yet
People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Although Maslow did not develop this theory to answer the problem of motivating employees, the implications are obvious Managers must identify the needs of their subordinates and provide the means of satisfying these needs in an organization content The implied rigidity of the hierarchy has been criticised as not taking account of the strength of need some individuals feel which alters the ranking order and causes people to seek satisfaction of some seemingly higher level ones before lower level ones

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory Herzberg sought an answer to the question, i.e. What do individuals want from their jobs? He asked hundreds of people that question in the late 1950s and the carefully analysed their responses He concluded that people preferred jobs that offered opportunities for recognition, achievement, responsibility and growth Managers who concerned themselves with things like company policies, employee pay, creating narrow and repetitive jobs and developing unfavourable working conditions might placate their workers but they would not motivate them
People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory According to him, if managers want to motivate their people they should redesign jobs to allow workers to perform more and varied tasks Much of the current interest in enriching jobs and improving the quality of work life can be traced to Herzbergs research The theory arose out of a research survey of 200 engineers and accountants on job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory He concluded this was covered by 2 different groups of factors, i.e. motivating factors and hygiene factors MOTIVATING FACTORS are factors which encourage an employee to do well. It increases satisfaction. If this factor is missing, it does not course job dissatisfaction but just a lack of a job satisfaction. It arose from the content of the job (intrinsic), namely, job recognition, achievement, job responsibility, career advancement, challenging work and personal growth

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory
HYGIENE FACTORS if absent causes job dissatisfaction but even when present did not contribute significantly to job satisfaction. It reduces dissatisfaction. It arose from the context of the job (extrinsic), i.e. environment in which the job is done. For example company policy / administration, working conditions, job security and salary

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Content Theories of Motivation

Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene Theory In order to obtain high performance from the employees, the organization must provide strong MOTIVATIONAL factors and ensure that negative HYGIENE factors (which would detract from performance) are not present This theory has been criticized because it lacks scientific method and is based on short evidence. Furthermore, it has also been criticized for placing money as a hygiene and not motivating factor Many companies have developed job enrichment based on this 2-factor theory
People Management BM014-1 Introduction

Essential Reference

Chapter 5 Organisational Behaviour

4th Edition (2008) McShane & Von Glinow McGraw-Hill

People Management BM014-1

Introduction

Question and Answer Session

Q&A
People Management BM014-1 Introduction