Model 3

Final Review 16 April 2012
Presented by
Final year, Department of EIE
16/04/2012
Final Review
Linear System and Non-Linear System
2
3 4 5
Abstract
Block Diagram Quick Glance at Fuzzy Logic Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Control for Non-Linear Process
6
7 8
System Design using LabVIEW

System Response Conclusion
16/04/2012 Final Review 2
Linear systems satisfy the properties of superposition and homogeneity. Any system that does not satisfy these properties is nonlinear. Linear systems have one equilibrium point at the origin. Nonlinear systems may have many equilibrium points.
16/04/2012
Final Review
A nonlinear system is one that does not satisfy the superposition principle, or one whose output is not directly proportional to its input; a linear system fulfils these conditions. In other words, a nonlinear system is any problem where the variable(s) to be solved for cannot be written as a linear combination of independent components.
16/04/2012
Final Review
Linear systems must verify two properties, superposition and homogeneity. Any function that does not satisfy superposition and homogeneity is nonlinear system. It is worth noting that there is no unifying characteristic of nonlinear systems, except for not satisfying the two abovementioned properties.
16/04/2012
Final Review
The principle of superposition states that for two different inputs, x and y, in the domain of the function f,
f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y)
The property of homogeneity states that for a given input, x, in the domain of the function f, and for any real number k,
f (kx) = kf (x)
Many common process control problems exhibit nonlinear behaviour, in that the relationship between the controlled and manipulated variables depends on the operating conditions. When conventional PID controllers are used to control highly nonlinear processes, the controllers must be tuned very conservatively in order to provide stable behaviour over the entire range of operating conditions. But conservative controller tuning can result in serious degradation of control system performance.
16/04/2012
Final Review
In view of the shortcomings of linear controllers for highly nonlinear processes we here develop a fuzzy based controller for a nonlinear process.
Fuzzy logic is a method of rule-based decision making used for expert systems and process control.
Fuzzy logic is a technique to embody human like thinking into a control system. A conical tank level process which is a nonlinear process is taken up for study and the fuzzy based controller is implemented using LabVIEW.
16/04/2012
Final Review
16/04/2012
Final Review
LabVIEW can be controlled using Speech Recognition facility in Windows 7 operating system.
The level of the process can be controlled through any computer in a network using LabVIEW built-in Web Server.
16/04/2012
Final Review
10
Fuzzy logic is a method of rule-based decision making used for expert systems and process control.
Fuzzy logic differs from traditional Boolean logic in that fuzzy logic allows for partial membership in a set. A fuzzy controller can be designed to emulate human deductive thinking, that is, the process people use to infer conclusions from what they know. Traditional control approach requires formal modeling of the physical reality.
Fuzzy logic suits control problems that cannot be easily represented by mathematical models. Weak model Parameter variation problem Unavailable or incomplete data Very complex plants Good qualitative understanding of plant or process operation
Because of its unconventional approach design of such controller leads to faster development / implementation cycles.
16/04/2012
Final Review
12
A rule base is the set of rules for a fuzzy system. The rule base is equivalent to the control strategy of the controller.
Fuzzification is the process of making a crisp quantity fuzzy. Defuzzification is the conversion of a fuzzy quantity to a
precise quantity, just as fuzzification is the conversion of a precise quantity to a fuzzy quantity.
The output of a fuzzy process can be the logical union of two or more fuzzy membership functions defined on the universe of discourse of the output variable.
16/04/2012
Final Review
13
16/04/2012
Final Review
14
PID and Fuzzy Logic Tool kit Control Design and Simulation Tool kit Internet Tool kit Report Generation Tool kit
16/04/2012
Final Review
15
The conical tank level process is a nonlinear process due to the variable cross sectional area and the outlet flow has a inverse square relationship with liquid level.
16/04/2012
Final Review
16
Level sensors detect the level of substances that flow, including liquids, slurries, granular materials, and powders. The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point.
16/04/2012
Final Review
17
A current to pressure converter (I/P) converts an analog signal (4 to 20 mA) to a proportional linear pneumatic output (3 to 15 psig). Its purpose is to translate the analog output from a control system into a precise, repeatable pressure value to control pneumatic actuators/operators, pneumatic valves, dampers, vanes, etc.
16/04/2012
Final Review
18
Fuzzy logic is a method of rule-based decision making used for expert systems and process control. To implement real-time decision making or control of a physical system, we wired acquired data to a fuzzy controller. We used outputs of the fuzzy controller with DAQ analog output hardware to implement real-time process control.
16/04/2012
Final Review
20
Mamdani type fuzzy systems employ fuzzy sets in the consequent part of the rules. Similar to classical PID controller a fuzzy PID controller has the following structure:
U(k)= U(k-1) + U(k)

Where, (U(k) control action)
U(k) is obtained using a fuzzy rule base that provides incremental control action which is a function of two variables, error(e) and e(change in error). Classical PID controller is linear. Fuzzy PID controller is non-linear. Error (e) Change in error (e) Fuzzy set Fuzzy set
16/04/2012
Final Review
22
Linguistic Variables
Universe of discourse
Level Values (cm)
Linguistic variables
Error (e) Change in error (e) Controller output (U)
16/04/2012
Final Review
23
Negative Very Large Negative Large Negative Medium Negative Small Zero Positive Small Positive Medium Positive Large Positive Very large
16/04/2012
NVL NL NM NS ZE PS PM PL PVL
Final Review 24
Triangle Membership Function:
16/04/2012
Final Review
25
In the Center of Area (CoA) defuzzification method, also called the Center of Gravity (CoG) method.
The fuzzy controller first calculates the area under the scaled membership functions and within the range of the output variable.
16/04/2012
Final Review
26
The fuzzy logic controller then uses the following equation to calculate the geometric center of this area.
where CoA is the center of area, x is the value of the linguistic variable, and xmin and xmax represent the range of the linguistic variable
16/04/2012
Final Review
27
RULE
NVL
NL
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PL
PVL
DNVL UNVL UNVL UNVL UNL

DNL DNM DNS DZ DPS DPM DPL DPVL UNVL UNVL UNL UNVL UNL UNL UNL UNM UNM UNS UZE UNL UNM UNM UNS UZE UPS UNL UNM UNM UNS UZE UPS UPM UNL UNM UNM UNS UZE UPS UPM UPM
UNL
UNM UNM UNS UZE UPS UPM UPM UPL
UNM
UNM UNS UZE UPS UPM UPM UPL UPL
UNM
UNS UZE UPS UPM UPM UPL UPL
UNS
UZE UPS UPM UPM UPL UPL
UZE
UPS UPM UPM UPL UPL UPVL
UPVL UPVL
UPVL UPVL UPVL
16/04/2012
Final Review
28
= Set Point Process Variable

= Current Error Previous Error
e Where,
= Error, denoted as NVL, NL, NM, NS, ZE, etc., = Change in Error, denoted as DNVL, DNL, DNM, DNS, DZE, etc., = Controller Output, denoted as UNVL, UNL, UNM, UNS, UZE, etc.,
Fuzzification of Error (e)
16/04/2012
Final Review
30
Fuzzification of Change in Error (e)
16/04/2012
Final Review
31
Fuzzification of Controller Output(U)
16/04/2012
Final Review
32
Testing of Fuzzy System Design
16/04/2012
Final Review
33
Error (e)[Left] Error Change (e)[Right] Controller Output(U)[Bottom]
System Characteristics at Normal Operating Conditions Inlet Flow 225 lph (max). Outlet valve Partially Open.
16/04/2012
Final Review
35
Inlet valve Outlet valve
Fully Closed Fully Open
16/04/2012
Final Review
36
Process Response to Set Point Variations.
16/04/2012
Final Review
37
System Response to Negative Error
Observations

Faster Response to Set Point Variation. System shows Oscillatory Behaviour at Lower Set Point Values.
System Response to Large Set Point Variation
16/04/2012
Final Review
39
System Response to Large Set Point Variations
Observations: System Response: Moderately Fast. Better Tracking of Set Point Variations. Minimal Offset. Stable Control Action.
System Response to Lower Set Point Variations
System Response to Lower Set Point Variations

Observations: Better Set Point Tracking. Stable System Response.
16/04/2012
Final Review
42
16/04/2012
Final Review
43
16/04/2012
Final Review
44
In this project, a fuzzy controller was designed and implemented for conical tank level process. The performance of the controller was analyzed under various conditions and the fuzzy system was tuned accordingly. The nonlinear process was effectively controlled with good stability at all operating ranges. However, for large process upsets the system did not have expected performance. It is necessary to do some optimization in the future.
Timothy Ross, Timothy J. Ross, (1995) Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, 3rd Edition, Wiley Publications. Zhang, Huaguang, Liu, Derong, (2006) Fuzzy Modeling and Fuzzy Control, 13th Edition, Springer Publications. George J. Klir and Bo Yuan, (1995) Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Applications, 1st Edition, Prentice Hall. Jiuping Xu and Xiaoyang Zhou, (2011) Fuzzy-Like Multiple Objective Decision Making, 1st Edition, Springer. Prof. Dr. Dr. H.c. Hans-Jiirgen Zimmermann, (1995) Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, International Series in Intelligent Technologies. Earlcox,(1994) The Fuzzy Systems Handbook: A Practitioner's Guide to Building, Using, and Maintaining Fuzzy Systems, AP Professinal. K.M. Hangos, J. Bokor, G. Szederknyi, (2004) Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Process Systems, Springer. Michael L. Luyben, William L. Luyben, (1997), Essentials of Process Control McGrawHill. Jeffrey Travis, Jim Kring, (2006), LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun, Third Edition, Prentice Hall. Rick Bitter, Taqi Mohiuddin, Matt Nawrocki, (2001), Labview Advanced Programming Techiniques, CRC Press. 16/04/2012 Final Review
46
16/04/2012
Final Review
47

Model 3

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Model 3

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Final Review 16 April 2012

Final year, Department of EIE

Linear System and Non-Linear System

System Design using LabVIEW

U(k)= U(k-1) + U(k)

Level Values (cm)

Error (e) Change in error (e) Controller output (U)

Triangle Membership Function:

DNVL UNVL UNVL UNVL UNL

UPVL UPVL UPVL

= Set Point Process Variable

Fuzzification of Error (e)

Fuzzification of Change in Error (e)

Fuzzification of Controller Output(U)

Testing of Fuzzy System Design

Error (e)[Left] Error Change (e)[Right] Controller Output(U)[Bottom]

Inlet valve Outlet valve

Fully Closed Fully Open

Process Response to Set Point Variations.

System Response to Negative Error

System Response to Large Set Point Variation

System Response to Large Set Point Variations

System Response to Lower Set Point Variations

System Response to Lower Set Point Variations

Anda mungkin juga menyukai