BTB43403 Lecture 3b - Large Scale Path Loss

Mobile Radio Propagation:
Large-Scale Path Loss

Source: Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2
nd
Edition by TS Rappaport, Chapter 4, pg 113-138
Lecture 3
Lecture 3: Mobile Radio Propagation-
Introduction to radio wave propagation
Free space propagation model
The three basic propagation mechanisms:
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
Outdoor propagation models
Indoor propagation models
Source: Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2
nd
Edition by TS Rappaport, Chapter 4
Basic Propagation Mechanisms
Reference: Pg 114 - 125
When a wireless signal hits an object it doesn't just stop or
bounce straight back it could turn, bend, breakup, slow down,
or even turn a corner.
There are five basic propagation mechanisms:
Reflection, Diffraction, Scattering,
Refraction, Absorption
However, only Reflection and Diffraction, will be explained
in details.

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Reflection:
Signals can be transmitted and bounced off large
buildings to a client.
Reflection can be bad of it causes signals to bleed into a
unneeded area.
Diffraction:
This is often mixed up with refraction.
Diffraction occurs when your wireless signal hits a very
large object, slows down and actually turns around the
corner.
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This is great if you want your signal to bend around
the corner but if you don't it sucks.
Plus it slows down your signal making it weaker.
Scattering:
Scattering will take place when a wireless signal hits
an object that has many irregular angels causing the
signal to shoot off into many directions.
This could happen when a signal hits a mountain side,
hills or large buildings
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Refraction:
Refraction is the bending of your wireless signal as it
goes through a medium of higher density than its origin.
If you signal has to travel through industrial areas with
smoke stacks valleys with warmer air pockets this will
produce refraction.
Absorption:
Shoot your signal at a larger brick building and your
signal might be sucked up and disappear.

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In Wired System
When a radio wave propagating in one medium having
different electrical properties, the wave is partially
reflected and partially transmitted
If the plane wave is incident on a prefect dielectric, part
of the energy is transmitted into the second medium and
part of the energy is reflected back into the first medium.
There loss of energy in absorption.

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In Wired System
If the second medium is a perfect conductor, then all
incident energy is reflected back into the first medium
without any loss of energy.
The electric field intensity of the reflected and transmitted
waves may be related to the incident wave in the medium
of origin through the Fresnel Reflection Coefficient ()
In RF practice, this is often measured in a dimensionless
ratio known as Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).

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In Wired System
Signal reflection occurs when a signal is transmitted
along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or
an optical fiber, some of the signal power may be
reflected back to its origin rather than being carried all
the way along the cable to the far end.
This happens because imperfections in the cable cause
impedance mismatches and non-linear changes in the
cable characteristics.

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In Wired System
These abrupt changes in characteristics cause some of the
transmitted signal to be reflected.
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Reflection
Reference: Pg 114 - 125
Reflection happens when a propagating wave hits an object
which has very large dimensions when compared to the
wavelength of the propagating wave.
the signal just completely bounces off the object such
as the surface of the earth , buildings and walls.
This can be a good thing and a bad thing.
Reflection can be good because clients don't have to rely of
LOS (Line or Sight) service.
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Basic Propagation Mechanisms - Reflection
Fresnel reflection coefficient
According to Fresnel formula
the angles q
1
of the incident
wave, q
2
of the reflected wave
and q
3
of the refracted wave are
given by the equation:

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u
1
= u
2
n
1
sinu
1
= n
2
sinu
3
Reflection occurs when RF energy is incident upon a
boundary between two materials (e.g. air/ground) with
different electrical characteristics
Permeability
Permittivity
Conductance
Often the dielectric constant of a perfect (lossless)
dielectric is related to a relative permittivity,
r

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If a dielectric material is lossy, it will absorb power and
may described by a complex dielectric constant given as
equation (4.17) (pg115)
The and are generally insensitive to operating frequency,
when the material is a good conductor.
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Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model
In a mobile radio channel , a single direct path between the
base station and a mobile is seldom the only physical means
of propagation
Hence, the free space propagation model equation 4.5 is in
most cases inaccurate when used alone.
The two-ray ground reflection model shown in Figure 4.7 is
a useful propagation model, which considers both the direct
path and a ground reflected path.
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This model is the most accurate for predicting the large-scale
fading.
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In mobile communications systems, the maximum T-R
separation distance is at most only a few tens of
kilometer and the earth may be assumed to be flat.
Good for systems that use tall towers (over 50 m tall)
Good for line-of-sight microcell systems in urban
Referring to Figure 4.7, h
t
is the height of the transmitter
and h
r
is the height of the receiver.

If E
0
is the free space received Energy at a reference distance ,
d
0
from the transmitter. Then for d >>d
0
, the received energy
is given as:

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( ) ( )
0
0 0
cos , d d
c
d
t
d
d E
t d E
c
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= e
4.33
Where E(d,t)= E
0
d
0
/d represents the envelope of the
energy at d-meters from transmitter.

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The total received energy, E
TOT
is the results from a
combination of a direct line-of-sight path , E
LOS
and a reflected
path, E
g

The direct line-of-sight path , E
LOS
is given as:

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
d
t
d
d E
t d E
c LOS
'
'
0 0
'
cos , e
4.34
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And the reflected path, E
g
, is given as:

The total received energy, E
TOT
is the results from a
combination of a direct line-of-sight path, E
LOS
and a reflected
path, E
g.
.

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
d
t
d
d E
t d E
c g
' '
' '
0 0
' '
cos , e
4.35
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( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
d
t
d
d E
c
d
t
d
d E
t d E
c c TOT
' '
' '
0 0
'
'
0 0
cos ) 1 ( cos , e e
g LOS TOT
E E E + =
4.38
4.39
For the direct path let d = d ; for the reflected path d = d
The Resultant total energy-field is given as:
for large TR separation :
i
goes to 0 (angle of incidence to
the ground of the reflected wave) and = 1
Phase difference can occur depending on the phase difference
between direct and reflected E fields
The phase difference is

due to Path difference , = d
d, between
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Basic Propagation Mechanisms Reflection

From two triangles with sides d and (h
t
+ h
r
) or (h
t
h
r
)

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can be expanded using a Taylor series expansion

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For d
0
=100meter, E
0
=1, f
c
=1 GHz, h
t
=50 meters, h
r
=1.5 meters,
at t=0
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note that the magnitude is with respect to a reference of E
0
=1
at d
0
=100 meters, so near 100 meters the signal can be stronger
than E
0
=1
the second ray adds in energy that would have been lost
otherwise
for large distances d satisfies (4.50):

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t
r t r t
h h h h
d
20
3
20
~ >
4.50
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the received Energy-field can be approximated as :
( ) m V
d
k
d
h h
d
d E
d E
r t
TOT
/
2 2
2
0 0
~ ~
t
4.51
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( )
r t r t
h h G G d dB Pl log 20 log 20 log 10 log 10 ( log 40 + + + =
4.52
The free space power received at d is related to the square of
the electric field through equation 4.15.
Combining Equations (4.2), (4.15) and (4.51) the received
power at distance d from the transmitter for the two-ray
ground bounce model can be expressed as:
4
2 2
d
h h
G G P P
t t
r t t r
=
or
4.53
Example 4.6:
A mobile is located 5km away from a base station and uses a vertical
/4 monopole antenna with a gain of 2.25 dB to receive cellular radio
signals. The E-field at 1km from the transmitter is measured to be 10
-3

v/m. The carrier frequency used for this system is 900MHz.
a) Find the length and the effective aperture of the receiving antenna.
b) Find the received power at the mobile using the two-ray ground
reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is
50m and the receiving antenna is 1.5m above ground
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