Lecture 31 - Beam Deflection

April 5, 2001
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals

Serviceability
Moments and centroids

Deflection Control
Visual Appearance

( 25 ft. span 1.2 in. )
Damage to Non-structural Elements
- cracking of partitions
- malfunction of doors /windows
(1.)
(2.)
Reasons to Limit Deflection
visible generally are *
250
1
l > o

Deflection Control
Disruption of function
- sensitive machinery, equipment
- ponding of rain water on roofs
Damage to Structural Elements
- large os than serviceability problem
- (contact w/ other members modify
load paths)
(3.)
(4.)
Allowable Deflections
ACI Table 9.5(a) = min. thickness unless os are
computed
ACI Table 9.5(b) = max. permissible computed
deflection
Allowable Deflections
Flat Roofs ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported)


( )
180
inst LL
l
s A
Allowable Deflections
Floors ( no damageable nonstructural elements
supported )

( )
180
inst LL
l
s A
Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements (supported nonstructural elements
likely damaged by large os)
480
l
s A
Allowable Deflections
Roof or Floor elements ( supported nonstructural elements
not likely to be damaged by large
os )
240
l
s A
Allowable Deflections
Deflection occurring after attachment of
nonstructural elements

Need to consider the specific structures
function and characteristics.
A


A
allow

Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation
For (intermediate values of EI)
gt e cr
I I I s s
Brandon
derived
cr
a
a
cr
gt
a
a
cr
e
* 1 * I
M
M
I
M
M
I
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Cracking Moment =
Moment of inertia of transformed cross-section
Modulus of rupture =
t
g r
y
I f
c
5 . 7 f
M
cr
=
I
gt
=
f
r
=
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation
cr
a
a
cr
gt
a
a
cr
e
* 1 * I
M
M
I
M
M
I
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Distance from centroid to extreme tension fiber
maximum moment in member at loading stage for
which I
e
( o ) is being computed or at any previous
loading stage
Moment of inertia of concrete section neglect
reinforcement
y
t
=
M
a
=
I
g
=
Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculation
( )
3
a
cr
cr g cr e
cr
3
a
cr
g
3
a
cr
e
or
* 1 *
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
M
M
I I I I
I
M
M
I
M
M
I
Moment Vs curvature plot
EI
M
EI
M
= = =
|
| slope
Moment Vs Slope Plot
The cracked beam starts to lose strength as the amount
of cracking increases
Moment of Inertia
( ) psi 33
c
1.5
c c
f E e =
For w
c
= 90 to 155 lb/ft
3

( ) psi 57000
c c
f E =
For normal weight concrete
(ACI 8.5.1)
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
A- Ends of Beam Crack
B - Cracking at midspan
C - Instantaneous deflection
under service load
C - long time deflection under
service load
D and E - yielding of
reinforcement @ ends &
midspan

Note: Stiffness (slope) decreases as cracking progresses
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
The maximum moments for distributed load acting
on an indeterminate beam are given.
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
2
wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
24
2
wl
M
Deflection Response of RC Beams (Flexure)
For Continuous beams
ACI 9.5.2.4
ACI Com. 435
Weight Average
( ) ( )
( )
e2 1 e mid e avg e
25 . 0 50 . 0 I I I I + + =
( ) ( )
( )

+ + =
e2 1 e mid e avg e
15 . 0 70 . 0
: continous ends 2
I I I I
( ) ( )
( )

+ =
1 e mid e avg e
15 . 0 85 . 0
: continous end 1
I I I
( )
2 end @
1 end @
midspan @
e e2
e e1
e mid e
I I
I I
I I
=
=
=
Uncracked Transformed Section
Part (n) =E
j
/E
i
Area n*Area y
i
y
i
*(n)A
Concrete 1 b
w
*h b
w
*h 0.5*h 0.5*b
w
*h2
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)*A
s
*d
A
s
n A
s
(n-1)A
s
d (n-1)*A
s
*d

A n*
i
i
A n y

* *

=
*
i i
*
i i i
*
A n
A n y
y
Note: (n-1) is to remove area
of concrete
Cracked Transformed Section

+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

s
s
i
i i 2
nA y b
d nA
y
y b
A
A y
y
Finding the centroid of singly Reinforced Rectangular
Section
0
2 2
0
2
2
s s
2
s s
2
s s
2
= +
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
b
d nA
y
b
nA
y
d nA y nA y
b
d nA
y
y b y nA y b
Solve for the quadratic for y
Cracked Transformed Section
0
2 2
s s
2
= +
b
d nA
y
b
nA
y
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( )
2
s
3
cr
3
1
y d nA y b I + =
Cracked Transformed Section
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2 2 1 2
s s s s
2
=
+
'

+
'

+
b
d nA A n
y
b
nA A n
y
Note:
c
s
E
E
n =
Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
2
s
3
cr
1
3
1
y d nA d y A n y b I +
'

'
+ =
Uncracked Transformed Section
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


steel
2
s
2
s
concrete
2
3
gt
1 1
2 12
1
d y A n d y A n
h
y bh bh I
+
'

'
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Note:
3
g
12
1
bh I =
Moment of inertia (uncracked doubly reinforced beam)
Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the centroid of doubly reinforced T-Section
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2

2 1 2 2
w
s s
2
w e
w
s s w e
2
=
+
'
+

+
'
+
+
b
d nA A n t b b
y
b
nA A n b b t
y
Cracked Transformed Section
Finding the moment of inertia for
a doubly reinforced T-Section
( )
( ) ( ) ( )



steel
2
s
2
s
beam
3
w
flange
2
e
3
e cr
1
3
1
2 12
1
y d nA d y A n
t y b
t
y t b y b I
+
'

'
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Sections
- Example
Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in, b = 12 in.,
d = 2.5 in. and d = 21.5 in. with 2# 7 bars in compression
steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension steel. The material
properties are f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi.
Determine I
gt
, I
cr
, M
cr(+)
, M
cr(-)
, and compare to the NA of
the beam.