Brain stem &

Cerebellum

The brain

Telencephalon Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem

The brain stem

Consists of Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

1
2

Medulla oblongata
Ventral surface

Pyramid: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract) Decussation of pyramid:

formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract

Olive: produced by underlying

inferior olivary nucleus

Anterolateral sulcus: rootlets of

hypoglossal nerve emerge from it

Retroolivary sulcus: rootlets of

glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves emerge from it
4 5

IX XII

X XI

Medulla oblongata
Dorsal surface
Lower portion

Gracile tubercle: produced by

gracile nucleus Cuneate tubercle: marks the site of cuneate nucleus

underlying

Inferior cerebellar peduncle Obex

half of rhomboid fossa

3 5 4 1 2

Upper portion: forms the lower

Pons
Ventral surface

Basilar part Basilar sulcus Bulbopontine sulcus: from

medial to lateral, the abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves appear
V 1

VI 2
VIII VII

5 4

Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve Pontocerebellar trigone: the

junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum

Pons
Dorsal surface

Superior cerebellar peduncle Superior medullary velum Trochlear nerve

3 2 1

Midbrain
Ventral surface

Crus cerebri Interpeduncular fossa oculomotor nerves emerge

from medial of crus cerebri

III VI

2 3

Posterior perforated substance

Midbrain
Dorsal surface

3 4

1 2

Superior colliculus constitute centers for visual reflexes Inferior colliculus associated with auditory pathway Brachium of superior colliculi Brachium of inferior colliculi

IV

Fourth ventricle
Central canal fourth ventricle mesencephalic aqueductthird ventricle

Position

Situated ventral to cerebellum, and dorsal to pons and cranial half of medulla

Boundaries

Inferolateral: gracile and cuneate tubercles, inferior cerebellar peduncle Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle Lateral recess

Features

Median sulcus Sulcus limitans Vestibular area overlies

vestibular nuclei

Acoustic tubercle overlying

dorsal cochlear nucleus
2
6

1 15
34

Medial eminence Striae medullares

Facial colliculus: overlies

nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve

Hypoglossal triangle:
verlying hypoglossal nucleus

Vagal triangle: overlies dorsal

nucleus of vagus nerve
1

Inferior Fovea Area postrema

22 4 4 35

Roof

Anterior part: formed by superior cerebellar peduncle and superior medullary velum Posterior part: formed by inferior medullary velum and choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Three apertures

Median aperture of fourth ventricle Two lateral apertures of fourth ventricle

Internal structures
Gray matter

Cranial nerve nuclei Relay nuclei

Names of cranial nerves

Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducent nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve

Functional components

General somatic afferent fibers (GSA): transmit exteroceptive and proprioceptive impulses from head and face to somatic sensory nuclei Special somatic afferent fibers (SSA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of vision, equilibrium and hearing to the brain General visceral afferent fibers (GVA): transmit interoceptive impulses from the viscera to the visceral sensory nuclei Special visceral afferent fibers (SVA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of smell and taste to the brain General somatic efferent fibers (GSE): innervate skeletal muscles of eye and tongue Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE): transmit motor impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles derived from brachial (gill) arches of embryo. These include the muscles of mastication, facial expression and swallowing General visceral efferent fibers (GVE): transmit motor impulses from the general visceral motor nuclei and relayed in parasympathetic ganglions. The postganglionic fibers supply cardiac musclessmooth muscles and glands

Classification of cranial nerves

Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers

Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Abducent nerve Accessory nerv Hypoglossal nerve
Trigeminal nerve, Facial nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve

Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers

Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers--

Sensory cranial nerves

N. Location of cell body and axon categories Olfactory cells (SVA) Ganglion cells (SSA) Cranial exit Terminal nuclei Main action Smell Vision

Cribrifom Olfactory foramina bulb Optic canal Lateral geniculate body

Vestibular ganglion(SSA)
Cochlear ganglion (SSA)

Internal acoustic meatus

Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nuclei

Equilibri um
Hearing

Motor cranial nerves

N.

Nucleus of origin and axon categories

Nucleus of oculomotor (GSE)

Cranial exit
Superior orbital fissure

Main action
Motor to superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior oblique; levator palpebrae superioris Parasympathetic to sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscles

Accessory nucleus of oculomotor (GVE) Nucleus of trochlear nerve (GSE) Nucleus of abducent nerve (GSE) Nucleus of accessory nerve (SVE) Superior orbital fissure Superior orbital fissure Jugular foramen

Motor to superior oblique Motor to lateral rectus Motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Motor to muscles of tongue except palatoglossus

Nucleus of hypoglossal Hypoglossal canal nerve( GSE)

General somatic efferent nuclei

Nucleus of oculomotor n. Nucleus of trochlear n.

Nucleus of abducent n.
Nucleus of hypoglossal n.

Special visceral motor nuclei

Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Nucleus of facial n.

Nucleus ambiguous
Accessory nucleus

Special visceral efferent nuclei

Nucleus
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. Nucleus of facial n.

Site
Pons Pons

Cranial n.

Function
Masticatory muscles, tensor palati & t. tympani Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Nucleus ambiguus

Medulla

,.

Accessory nucleus

Medulla cervical cord

General visceral motor nuclei

Accessory oculomotor nucleus Superior salivatory nucleus Inferior salivertory nucleus Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.

General visceral efferent nuclei

Nucleus Accessory oculomotor nucleus Superior salivatory nucleus Inferior salivertory nucleus Site Midbrain Pons Cranial nerve Function Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m. Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands Parotid gland

Medulla

Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.

medulla

Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

Visceral sensory nuclei

( general and special )

Nucleus of solitary tract

Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special )

Nucleus

Site

Cranial n.

Function

Nucleus of solitary tract

Medulla

,,

Taste and visceral sensation

General somatic afferent nuclei

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Main sensory nucleus of trigeminal n. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

General somatic sensory nuclei

Nucleus Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. Main sensory nucleus of trigeminal n. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. Site Midbrain Cranial n. Function Proprioception of head

Pons

Tactile sensation of face

Pain and temperature sense of face

Medulla upto 2nd cx. seg.

Special somatic afferent nuclei

Cochlear nuclei 2 - Dorsal - Ventral Vestibular nuclei 4 - Superior - Inferior - Medial - Lateral

Special somatic afferent nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function

Cochlear nuclei
Vestibular nuclei

Pons and medulla

Pons and medulla

Sense of hearing

Sense of equilibrium

Non-cranial nerve nuclei

Nucleus Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Site Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle) Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle)

Superior olivery nucleus

Pontine nucleus Nucleus of inferior colliculus Gray matter layers of superior colliculus Red nucleus Substantia nigra Pretectal area

Pons
pons Midbrain Midbrain Midbrain Midbrain Midbrain

Cerebellum

Site: Posterior cranial fossa, behind pons & medulla oblongata. 2 Surfaces: Superior & Inferior. 3 Parts: * Vermis - Superior: indistinct from sup. surface. - Inferior: lodged in the vallecula. * 2 Lobes

Cerebellum
3 Fissures: * Primary * Horizontal * Posterolateral Functional Divisions: * Archi-cerebellum: vestibulo-cerebellum. * Paleo-cerebellum: spino-cerebellum. * Neo-cerebellum: ponto-cerebellum.

Cerebellum