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Several studies and surveys showing the Philippines as one of the most corrupt countries have been quoted in media. There is a need to review current studies and surveys being conducted measuring corruption in the Philippines. The information culled will aid both government and non-government agencies in zeroing in its efforts to address corruption on segments of the population most sensitive to this issue.
Several studies and surveys showing the Philippines as one of the most corrupt countries have been quoted in media. There is a need to review current studies and surveys being conducted measuring corruption in the Philippines. The information culled will aid both government and non-government agencies in zeroing in its efforts to address corruption on segments of the population most sensitive to this issue.
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Several studies and surveys showing the Philippines as one of the most corrupt countries have been quoted in media. There is a need to review current studies and surveys being conducted measuring corruption in the Philippines. The information culled will aid both government and non-government agencies in zeroing in its efforts to address corruption on segments of the population most sensitive to this issue.
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IN THE PHILIPPINES A Project funded under the Transparent Accountable Governance (TAG) Project of The Asia Foundation with support from the United States Agency for International Development
April to June, 2006 Background Several studies and surveys showing the Philippines as one of the most corrupt countries have been many times over quoted in media. These reports have painted the image of a graft-ridden country and a government seemingly powerless over corruption The most prominent of these agencies which regularly conducts studies on corruption in the Philippines are: Social Weather Stations, Inc. Pulse Asia, Inc. Ibon Foundation, Inc. Makati Business Club Political Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) Ltd. Transparency International (TI) Rationale There is a need to review current studies and surveys being conducted measuring corruption in the Philippines. It would be important to know what their methodologies are, who their key respondents are, how they gather the data and how they analyze their data sets. It would be pertinent to mine the data generated by these studies and surveys. The information culled will aid both government and non-government agencies in zeroing in its efforts to address corruption on segments of the population most sensitive to this issue. It will give better directions as to where concentrated efforts to curb corruption are vital. It will pro-actively identify factors affecting perceptions of corruption and facets of corruption in the country and serve as a beacon to anti-corruption efforts. Methods Used Gathering of materials, reports, raw data (both soft and hard copies if made accessible) from these respective institutions: Social Weather Stations (SWS) Pulse Asia Inc. IBON Foundation, Inc. Makati Business Club (MBC) Political Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) Transparency International (TI) Methods Used (continued) Data gathering on whats available on the internet. The following websites were sources of many materials: www.sws.org.ph/ www.pulseasia.com.ph/ www.ibon.org/ www.mbc.com.ph/ www.asiarisk.com/ ww1.transparency.org/ www.transparency.ph/ Methods Used (continued) In-depth interviews with the following key informants: Mr. Robert Broadfoot, PERC Managing Director Judge Dolores Espanol, Transparency Intl RP Chapter Mr. Antonio Tujan Jr., Ibon Foundation, Inc. Ms. Rosario Bella Guzman, Ibon Foundation, Inc. Executive Director Mr. Edward Gacusana, MBC Sr. Research Associate & CAC Proj. Coordinator Mr. Michael Mundo, MBC Sr. Research Associate & Chief Economist Ms. Linda Luz Guerrero, SWS VP & Chief Operating Officer Mr. Jay Sandoval, SWS Director of Sampling, Processing & Data Archiving Group Ms. Germie Caron, SWS Field Specialist Mr. Jojo Carlom, Pulse Asia Statistics Supervisor Ms. Zon Langrio, TNS-Trends Field Director Mr. Angel Almojuela, Asia Research Organization (ARO) President Methods Used (continued) Review of written reports SWS Survey of Enterprises Pulse Asia Ulat ng Bayan visuals PERC reports Transparency International reports Further statistical analysis of raw data made available by: SWS and Pulse Asia Caveat In the course of talking with key informants from these various research institutions, some have expressed plans to further modify and make improvements in their methodologies Since the review of the surveys included in the study was from April to June 2006, any changes and improvements made by the various research institutions in their methods of data gathering data processing and data analysis after this period cannot be reflected here The study does not intend to conclude which survey is more superior than others; rather it intends to give illumination on how these surveys are done and how the survey data can help in further advancing means of curbing corruption SURVEYS ON CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES WITH VOTING-AGE ADULTS AS RESPONDENTS Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults Institution Name of Surveys Sponsor Survey schedule Level of Analysis Social Weather Stations (SWS) Social Weather Surveys SWS-sponsored for regular items; TAG Project for some Rider items Quarterly Total Philippines & Major areas: NCR, Balance Luzon; Visayas; Mindanao Pulse Asia (Pulse) Ulat ng Bayan Pulse-sponsored for regular items Quarterly Total Philippines & Major areas: NCR, Balance Luzon; Visayas; Mindanao Ibon Foundation, Inc. (IBON) Peoples Political & Economic Perception All are Ibon- sponsored items Quarterly Total Philippines only Transparency Intl (TI) [implemented in the Phils. by Asia Research Organization ARO, a Gallup Intl affiliate] Global Corruption Barometer [Survey rider in ARO Voice of the People Surveys] All are TI- sponsored items through Gallup International Every last quarter of the year Total Philippines only Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Methods Institution Sampling Method Sample Sizes / MOE Selection of Provinces SWS Multi-stage probability sampling 1,200 RP [300 NCR; 300 Bal. Luzon; 300 Visayas, 300 Mindanao] / +/-3 RP; +/-6 in major areas 10 in Luzon, 5 in Visayas, 6 in Mindanao; with Regional allocations per major area & non-quotas for Luz & Vis= selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) PULSE Multi-stage probability sampling 1200 RP [300 NCR; 300 Bal. Luzon; 300 Visayas, 300 Mindanao] / +/-3 RP; +/-6 in major areas No pre-selection of provinces [Can have 10-12 in Luzon; 10 in Visayas; 10-15 in Mindanao] IBON Multi-stage sampling 1,200 to 1,400 RP [Allocated per Reg based on % of COMELEC Registered Voters per Reg] / No MOEs 12 in Luzon, 6 in Visayas, 12 in Mindanao = selected randomly TI - ARO Multi-stage probability sampling 1,000 RP [Allocated based on % of Household Population per major geographic Regs: NCR, North Luz, South Luz, Vis, Min] / No MOEs 3 in North Luzon, 2 in South Luzon, 2 in Visayas, 2 in Mindanao = selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) Institution Selection of Cities/Municipalities Selection of Barangays SWS 17 in NCR; 15 in Balance Luz; 15 in Visayas; 15 in Mindanao = Selected w/ probability proportional to size [RP=62] 60 barangays each in NCR; Balance Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao = Selected w/ probability proportional to size [RP=240] [starting 2 nd
quarter 2004, barangays instead of precincts are selected in NCR] PULSE 17 in NCR; 15 in Balance Luz; 15 in Visayas; 15 in Mindanao = Selected w/ probability proportional to size [RP=62] 60 precincts in NCR; 60 spots (precincts for urban or barangays for rural) each in Balance Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao = Selected randomly [RP=240] (Note precinct maps used are 1990 COMELEC precinct maps and number of precincts are updated every national election cycle) IBON 13 in NCR; 52 in Balance Luz, 33 in Visayas 34 in Mindanao = Selected randomly [RP=132] 13 barangays in NCR; 52 in Balance Luzon, 33 in Visayas, 34 in Mindanao = Selected randomly [RP=132] TI - ARO 17 in NCR; 8 in Balance Luzon; 4 in Visayas; 4 in Mindanao = Selected w/ probability proportional to size [RP=33] 17 barangays in NCR; 35 in Balance Luzon, 16 in Visayas 20 in Mindanao = Selected randomly [RP=88] Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Methods (continued) Institution Selection of Households (HH) Selection of Respondents SWS 5 HHs per barangay are chosen from a starting point (mun/brgy hall, school, brgy capt. house, church) & a random start [1-6]; right coverage using interval of 6 in urban areas and 2 in rural area [starting 2 nd quarter 2004] Probability selection key among adults in a HH; One per HH PULSE 5 HHs per barangay are chosen from random corner [in urban areas] / from a starting point --brgy hall, school, brgy capt. house, church -- [in rural areas] & a random start [1-6]; right coverage using interval of 7 in urban areas and 2 in rural areas Probability selection key among adults in a HH; One per HH IBON 8-12 HHs per barangay; Discretion of interviewer where to start in a barangay (can be a church, mun/brgy hall, police station, etc) using an interval of 2 in both urban & rural areas Looks for HH head; Interviews the first available adult HH member [often Housewives] TI - ARO 8-12 HHs per barangay are chosen from a starting point (elem school, health center, brgy hall, chapel) & a random start [1-5]; left coverage using interval of 4 in NCR, 3 in urban areas outside NCR, 2 in rural areas outside NCR Probability selection key among adults in a HH; One per HH Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Methods (continued) Institution Substitution Rules Quality controls SWS No substitution rules starting 2 nd quarter of 2004; Replacements are taken by continually applying the interval 2 valid call backs; At least 10% of total interviews of each interview are observed by Field Anchors; 30% spot-checking of each interviewers output; 100% field editing by Field Anchors PULSE Substitutes should have the same eco class, age group, gender, & work status as original respondent 2 valid call backs; 10% Field observation by supervisors; Spot-checking done in stages & is at least 20% of unsupervised interviews; Field editing by group supervisors IBON No substitution rules; Replacements are taken by continually applying the interval until quota is reached No spot-checking; Limited field observations; Validity of answers are checked by looking into the sociological contexts; No field editing TI - ARO Substitutes should have the same eco class, age group, gender, & work status as original respondent 3 valid call backs; 30% field observation or spot-checking of every interviewers output; Field editing by supervisors Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Methods (continued) Institution Questionnaires Training of personnel Field Personnel SWS Drafted in Tagalog; Translated in English, Ilocano, Bicolano Cebuano, Ilonggo; pre-tested Done in 10 central locations 1 Field Manager; 14 Field Anchors; 65-70 Field Interviewers (Anchors also act as Auditors) PULSE Drafted in Tagalog; Translated in English, Ilocano, Bicolano Cebuano, Ilonggo; pre-tested Done in four central locations 1 Field Manager; 2 Asst. Field Managers; 4 Field Coordinators, 40-50 Field Interviewers; 8 Spot checkers [subcontracted to TNS- Trends] IBON Drafted in Tagalog but thought out in English; Translated in English, Cebuano, Ilocano; Interviewers have discretion to translate verbally in other local languages; no pre-tests No formal interviewers training No regular pool of field interviewers and supervisors; mostly volunteers and activists TI - ARO Drafted in Tagalog; Translated in English, Ilocano, Bicolano Cebuano, Ilonggo; pre-tested Done in 3 central locations 1 Field Manager; About 8 Field Supervisors; About 30 Field Interviewers Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Methods (continued) Institution Data Processing Weighting scheme SWS Office editors conduct consistency checks; Encoding & Data table generation using SPSS; Done in-house starting 2 nd quarter of 2005 Weights are computed and applied for each major area to come up with projected adults for 2005 based on the 1995 NSO census PULSE Office editors conduct consistency checks; Encoding & Data table generation using Surveycraft & SPSS; Done by TNS-Trends Weights are computed and applied for each major area by locale to come up with projected adults for 2005 based on the NSCB projected adult population by locale IBON No office editors; Encoding & Data table generation using SPSS; Done in-house No weighting schemes used TI - ARO Office editors conduct consistency checks; Encoding & Data table generation using SPSS or Excel or ASCII; Done in-house No weighting schemes used Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Methods (continued) Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Data Gathered Institution Items on corruption monitored SWS Satisfaction with performance of natl govt on eradicating corruption (regular item) Agencies perceived to be corrupt; perceived to be doing something to curb corruption Opinion on extent of corruption in the country Awareness of private sector anti-corruption groups Perceived extent of corruption in specific institutions; govt units; sectors Comparing extent of corruption among different administrations Degree of effectiveness of government anti-corruption efforts and policies Degree of effectiveness of specific steps to curb corruption Accuracy of media coverage on corruption Personal experience on corruption Who should be blamed for corruption: govt officials vs. businessmen Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Data Gathered (continued) Institution Items on corruption monitored PULSE Most urgent national concerns (where corruption always ranks in the top 5) (regular item) Improvement/deterioration of the issue on graft and corruption in government Approval rating of the national admin in fighting graft and corruption (regular item) Performance and trust rating of specific personalities & agencies (like the Ombudsman) Priority development Assistance Funds (PDAF) or Pork Barrel funds 2004 Elections: Issues the next President should focus on Corruption probes in the military; Describing graft and corruption in government Whether personally experienced or witnessed any instance of corruption Government agencies perceived to be with the most and the least incidence of corruption Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Data Gathered (continued) Institution Items on corruption monitored IBON Grading PGMA on combating corruption (from a low grade of 65% to a high of 95%; with 75% as he passing mark) [regular item] Opinion on how severe corruption is in the Arroyo administration Truthfulness in accusations that GMA engaged in corruption & cheating in the elections TI - ARO Effect of graft and corruption on ones family life, business environment and political life Change in level of corruption in the past 3 years Expected change in the level of corruption in the next 3 years Extent by which specific sectors are affected by corruption Experience on paying bribes in the past 12 months Approximate amount of money paid in bribes in the past 12 months Situations which apply to the bribe paid for in the past 12 months Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Statistical Tools Used Institution Statistical tools used to analyze data on corruption SWS Frequencies, Mean, Median Data can be tabulated by location, locale, age group, gender, and other socio-demographic variables PULSE Frequencies, Mean, Median Data can be tabulated by location, locale, age group, gender, and other socio-demographic variables Upon request can do factor analysis, reliability tests and regression runs IBON Simple average of grades given by respondents [from a low 65% to a high 95%] TI - ARO Frequencies, Mean, Median [ARO directly submits to Gallup International whose data is used as source by Transparency International] Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Highlights of Findings Institution Highlights of Findings SWS National government performance on eradicating corruption usually ranks low BIR, DPWH, BoC, LTO = perceived to be corrupt; Few can mention agencies which are reputable Most opine that corruption in the country is widespread Low awareness of private sector anti-corruption groups and even for Coalition Against Corruption (CAC) Most perceive corruption in the national govt and the AFP to be significant Current administration perceived to be have higher incidence of corruption than previous one and there are fears incidence is increasing (previous data had reversed results) Government anti-corruption efforts and policies are perceived to be not as effective Most suggested steps to curb corruption are perceived to be effective (some more than others) Media coverage on corruption is perceived to be quite accurate Few mention personal experience on corruption Government officials and businessmen are equally to be blamed for corruption Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Highlights of Findings (continued) Institution Highlights of Findings PULSE Corruption always ranks in the top 5 most urgent national concerns Corruption in government is perceived to be deteriorating rather than improving Approval rating of the national admin in fighting corruption is low The Office of the Ombudsman & the Sandiganbayan get fairly positive approval ratings Personalities who have served as Ombudsman get negative to low positive trust ratings High awareness for Pork Barrel funds; Majority perceive most of the funds go to corruption In the 2004 elections, corruption is one of the top issues the next Pres. should focus on About 1 in 8 had a personal experience in corruption; mostly in NCR and urban Visayas High awareness and credibility of news on corruption in the military as well as perceived incidence Corruption in any form is viewed by majority as never justifiable DPWH, BoC, BIR, PNP, DepED = most corrupt; Majority cant mention agencies which are not so corrupt Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Highlights of Findings (continued) Institution Highlights of Findings IBON Average grade of PGMA on combating corruption is 70% Those saying corruption in the Arroyo administration is severe was 66% in Jan 2005, 82% in Oct 2005, and 77% in Jan 2006 67% says there is truth to the accusations that PGMA is corrupt and cheated in the last elections Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Highlights of Findings (continued) Institution Highlights of Findings TI - ARO The most corrupt sectors mentioned in Asian countries are: political parties, parliament/legislature, police and tax revenue agencies The Philippines is one of the lower-middle-income countries where political parties is identified as the sector most affected by corruption Among Asian countries, there is a significant level of concern regarding corruption among taxation authorities and taxation institutions The Philippines is one of the countries where the political life to a large extent is affected by corruption More than 50% of Filipino citizens felt business had been adversely affected by corrupt practices Most Filipinos perceive that corruption has affected their personal lives to a significant extent Filipinos are particularly discouraged by the recent prevalence of corruption Filipinos expressed strong concerns about future levels of corruption; stating corruption has increased recently and expect things to continue worsening Conversely, only 9% Filipinos have actually experienced incidences of bribery Given the relatively low incidence of actual experience in bribery, the Philippine data did not yield meaningful results on amounts paid for bribery and situations where bribery usually happens Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Public Dissemination Institution Press releases Databank and Publications SWS Items measuring corruption are not regularly included in press releases Tables, charts, raw data on graft and corruption, for so long as no longer embargoed, can be accessed by the public for a fee; A few publications have corruption as the focus PULSE Items measuring corruption are not regularly included in press releases Tables and charts on graft and corruption can be accessed for a fee; Can make statistical runs for a fee but raw data cannot be accessed; No specific publication on corruption alone IBON Since 2004, grading the national administration on anti-corruption efforts is regularly included in releases Tables and charts on graft and corruption can be accessed for free; raw data cannot be accessed; A few publications have corruption as the focus but not necessarily from surveys TI - ARO No releases are made by ARO; only TI makes releases as part of their Global Corruption Barometer Results of surveys, tables and charts can be accessed in the TI website; Raw data not easily accessible Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Comments on SWS Methods Allocation for non-quota provinces in Balance Luzon & Visayas should be reconsidered because this can slightly skew the sample since sampling done is not at the regional level Urban area coverage using landmarks as starting points should be reviewed because it may tend to concentrate samples in urban centers Luzon Visayas Mindanao Reg 1 1 Reg 6 2 Reg 9 1 CAR/Reg2 1 Reg 7 1 Reg 10 1 Reg 3 2 Reg 8 1 Caraga 1 Reg 4 3 Non-quota 1 Reg 11 1 Reg 5 1 Reg 12 1 Non-quota 2 ARMM 1 PROVINCES 10 5 6 SWS Urban coverage: Starting points are the ff: Municipal or brgy hall Public elem. school Brgy. Capt.s house Catholic church or chapel A separate group of Spot checkers (and not the Field Anchors) should be assigned to do quality control checks Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Comments on Pulse Asia Methods It may help to try and acquire the latest precinct maps of urban areas since 1990 COMELEC maps are still being used Reconsider random selection of barangays since populations may now greatly vary among barangays in a municipality Monitoring of substitution rates may be necessary Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting- Age Adults: Comments on IBON Survey Methods There is a great need to be cautious of results from surveys IBON conducts because of the following: Province selection does not consider population size No uniform instructions on how to select sample households Lack of a systematic means to select respondents in a household Little quality control mechanisms Having volunteers as interviewers may be disadvantageous to quality accomplishment of questionnaires Individual personal translations in the vernacular languages by interviewers can lead to biases No substitution or replacement rules Tendency to be a haphazard survey of housewives (not adults) Surveys on Corruption conducted among Voting-Age Adults: Comments on TI Surveys conducted by ARO Sample dispersion tends to be limited because of: restricted number of provinces, cities/municipalities, barangays covered shorter intervals applied between households when selecting them greater number of households are included in a specific sample area
Sample bias is for urban areas given that population sizes here are bigger and thus have a greater probability of being included.
Generalizations on the validity of the surveys + SWS, Pulse Asia and ARO surveys can be considered scientific, valid measures of corruption with the following caveats: SWS results in urban areas would tend to be affected given their area coverage method here Pulse Asia results can be affected by high substitution rates ARO results should only be interpreted at the national level and its results may tend to reflect urban sentiments
+ IBON surveys cannot be claimed to represent opinions of Filipino adults
Insights from Data Results O Statistical runs from available raw data indicate the ff: ETrust in institutions is critical to managing public perceptions on anti-corruption efforts E Media reports on corruption and media access have significant impacts on perceptions E Younger adults are more susceptible to negative perceptions on corruption E The upper and middle class tend to be most affected and most pessimistic about ability to resolve corruption O Surveys by and large do not have an exhaustive framework for critically looking into all possible predictors of opinions on government anti-corruption efforts O Survey items usually included are dependent on clients or sponsors (or even the institutions) priority needs for monitoring and are often restricted because of limited funding sources SURVEYS ON CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES WITH BUSINESS LEADERS AS RESPONDENTS Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates Institution Name of Surveys Type of Respondents Social Weather Stations (SWS) Survey of Enterprises (SE) Filipino managers in NCR; Cebu; Davao; Cavite/Laguna/Batangas; CDO/Iligan Makati Business Club (MBC) Executive Outlook Surveys (EOS) MBC members (mostly businessmen in NCR) Political Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) Corruption in Asia Report Regional Managers (Mostly from Hong Kong and Singapore) Trends in corruption in the Philippines Philippine Expatriates from list of foreign chambers in the Phils. Risk Analysis Reports None (Assessments done by risk analysis experts) Transparency International [CPI=independent institutions conduct their surveys] [BPI=implemented in the Phils. by Asia Research Organization ARO, a Gallup Intl affiliate]
Corruption Perception Index (CPI) RP data = 12 surveys of business people and assessments by country analysts from 8 independent institutions (see next pages) Bribe Payers Index 2002 (BPI) Senior executives of domestic and foreign companies in 15 emerging market economies Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates Independent Institutes: TI CPI Sources for RP data Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates Independent Institutes: TI CPI Sources for RP data (continued) Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates Independent Institutes: TI CPI Sources for RP data (continued) Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates Independent Institutes: TI CPI Sources for RP data (continued) Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods Institution Sponsors Survey Schedule Level of Analysis SWS-SE Transparent Accountable Governance (TAG) project Usually 1 st few months of the year (Jan to April) = from 2000 to 2006 NCR, Cebu, Davao, Cavite/Laguna/Batan gas; CDO/Iligan MBC-EOS Makati Business Club Semestral (Jan and Oct of every year) MBC members PERC Corruption in Asia Government institutions; Foundations; Funding Agencies; Business Groups First time ever November 2005 Refers to Philippines as a country PERC Trends in corruption Usually January to February Refers to Philippines as a country TI CPI Govt Dev Orgs; Institutes; Foundations; Public Institutions; Global Corporations; Private sector and Individual Donations Varies by independent institutions Refers to Philippines as a country TI BPI- ARO First quarter 2002 NCR Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods (continued) Institution Methodology Sample Sizes/MOE Selection of respondents SWS-SE Panel survey (face-to- face interviews) 300 to 500 = NCR; 100 = Cebu; 100 = Davao; 75 = CDO/Iligan; 75 = Cavite, Laguna Batangas (CALABA) Simple Random Sampling for first survey; Panel design for succeeding surveys MBC-EOS Mail survey (self- administered surveys) About 100 / No MOEs applied All MBC members are sent qres & response rates are about 9% to 13% Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods (continued) Institution Methodology Sample Sizes/MOE Selection of respondents PERC Corruption in Asia Face-to-face interviews for some; mail survey for others About 100 / No MOEs applied Random selection from a secured list of regional managers of top 500 companies (Mostly from HK & Singapore) PERC Trends in corruption Mail survey (self- administered surveys) About 100 / No MOEs applied All those in a secured list of Phil expats are sent qres & response rate is about 10% TI CPI Independent agencies have their own methods (usually mail or telephone surveys) May vary across independent institutions May vary across independent institutions TI BPI- ARO Face-to-face interviews About 100 (for NCR data) Simple random sampling for each major sector Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods (continued) Institution Substitution rules Quality controls Questionnaires SWS-SE Replacements in cases of refusals 10% Field observations; 20% Spot-checking of unsupervised interviews Face-to-face interviews; FGDs conducted to finalize survey agenda; Translated in Tagalog & Cebuano MBC-EOS No sub rules; Dependent on response rates Minimal follow-ups Self-administered by respondents and mailed or sent via fax to MBC Surveys on Corruption among Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods (continued) Institution Substitution rules Quality controls Questionnaires PERC Corruption in Asia Replacements in cases of refusals Minimal spot-checking Face-to-face interviews; Some mailed responses; Only answers questions on the Phils. if they have business interests here PERC Trends in corruption No sub rules; Dependent on response rates Minimal follow-ups Self-administered and mailed back to PERC TI CPI May vary among different agencies May vary among different agencies May vary among different agencies TI BPI-ARO Replacements in cases of refusals Minimal follow-ups Face-to-face interviews; Taglish may sometimes be used Surveys on Corruption among Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods (continued) Institution Data processing Weighting scheme Future plans SWS-SE SPSS; Done-in-house In every study area 1/3 large companies & 2/3 SMEs; None when data across areas are aggregated MBC-EOS Excel; Manual counting for some items; Not all responses are encoded None Surveys on Corruption among Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods (continued) Institution Data processing Weighting scheme Future plans PERC Corruption in Asia SPSS; Done in-house None To expand the base & samples by major industry; Add more demographics including media access; Will wait for more feedback from clients re: suggestions PERC Trends in corruption SPSS; Done in-house None To include more demographics TI CPI Independent research agencies do their own data processing and submit reports to TI-Berlin Usually none TI BPI- ARO SPSS; Done in-house None Surveys on Corruption among Businessmen or Expatriates: Data Gathered (continued) Institution Items on corruption monitored SWS-SE Extent of corruption in the public and private sector In ones line of business, how many give bribes to win public & private contracts Transactions where company was asked for a bribe by government Reporting of incidences of bribery Perceived sincerity of govt agencies in fighting corruption Government agencies & businesses with good reputations for not being corrupt; bad reputations for being corrupt Incidence of always demanding for receipts, always issuing receipts, keeping one set of books only, paying taxes honestly Willingness to fund an anti-corruption fund Interest in supporting activities of anti-corruption groups Awareness of Coalition Against Corruption (CAC) Government projects companies are interested to monitor; Bids & awards committees companies are interested to join MBC-EOS Important issues the President should address in the next 6 months (where corruption is included) Surveys on Corruption among Businessmen or Expatriates: Data Gathered (continued) Institution Items on corruption monitored PERC Corruptio n in Asia Likelihood of high government officials demanding special payments directly or through their family/friends Likelihood of civil servants and lower-level government officials demanding special payments or favors for such services as issuing business licenses, tax assessments, various permits and inspection certificates Effectiveness of judicial system in prosecuting, punishing individuals for uncovered corruption abuses Seriousness of govt to fight corruption Average citizens tolerance for corruption Extent of corruption in the private sector Perceived trends in corruption Extent of corruption being a deterrent to willingness to invest or expand business Extent by which corruption detracts from the attractiveness of the overall business environment Surveys on Corruption among Businessmen or Expatriates: Data Gathered (continued) Institution Items on corruption monitored PERC Trends in corruption Seriousness of problem of corruption in the public & private sector Effectiveness of judicial system in prosecuting, punishing individuals for uncovered corruption abuses Seriousness of govt to fight corruption Average citizens tolerance for corruption Perceived trends in corruption Extent of corruption being a deterrent to willingness to invest or expand business Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Data Gathered (continued) Institution Items on corruption monitored TI CPI Question items vary across independent institutions but often includes extent of corruption in the country TI BPI- ARO Likelihood companies from the specific countries are to pay or offer bribes in order to stay or retain business in this country Likelihood that senior officials would demand or accept bribes for public tenders, regulations, licensing in specific business sectors Two sectors where the biggest bribes are likely to be paid Best description for the OECD Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions (Anti-Bribery Convention) Manner by which organization is responding to the OECD Convention First solution to corruption if one had a magic wand Sources of respondents information Change in the level of corruption in this country in the past 5 years Factors which affected changes in level of corruption in the past 5 years Means by which government gains unfair advantage Top three governments associated with using other means to gain unfair advantage Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Statistical Tools Used Institution Statistical tools used to analyze data on corruption SWS-SE Frequencies, Mean, Median Data can be tabulated by study area, gender, industry, employment size and other socio-demographic variables MBC-EOS Frequencies, Mean, Median PERC Corruption in Asia Simple average PERC Trends in corruption Simple average TI CPI Simple average TI BPI-ARO Frequencies, Mean, Median [ARO directly submits to Gallup International whose data is used as source by Transparency International] Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Highlights of Findings Institution Highlights of Findings SWS-SE Public sector corruption remains very high Ratings of most agencies sincerity in fighting corruption are lower in 2005 Exceptional bright spots are decreasing bribe-solicitation re (a) local govt. permits/licenses and (b) income tax payments Private sector corruption and failure to follow honest business practices continue Private sector willingness to fund an anti-corruption program has risen steadily Managers are enthusiastic about participating, even personally, in monitoring government projects and in government Bids and Awards Committees Conditions look favorable for ultimate success of the Coalition on Corruption MBC-EOS Corruption ranks first among the important challenges or issues the President should address in the next 6 months in most recent survey; Corruption always included in past surveys Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Highlights of Findings Institution Highlights of Findings PERC Corruption in Asia Two main problems of the Phils with corruption are: 1) every level of govt & private sector is affected by corruption and 2) public relations dimension (rampant rumour-mongering & political mudslinging) Publics extreme tolerance for corruption and widespread feeling of helplessness Perceptions of worsening levels of corruption makes companies say they approach the Phils with caution Problem may not be as bad as it looks but touches many parts of the system that it will be extremely difficult to root out PERC Trends in corruption Country is doing well despite political problems (May 2006 release) and it helps that the Philippines has stayed out of the news Foreign exchange remittances from OFWs greatly helping the economy Systemic risks (which includes the ff. variables: corruption, nationalism & cultural risks, institutional weakness) always garners the lowest in rating; this pulls the risk index higher Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Highlights of Findings Institution Highlights of Findings TI CPI In the 2004 survey round, the Philippines ranks as the fifth most corrupt (together with Papua New Guinea and Vietnam) in the Asia Pacific. This has deteriorated compared to 2003 results. For the 2005 survey round, the Philippines ranks 117 th in the world [lowest is ranked 158 th ] TI BPI- ARO (No specific report on RP only) Public works & construction, followed by armed and defence perceived to be most corrupt sectors Low level of awareness on OECD Anti-Corruption Convention Courts perceived to be the best means to solve corruption (given a magic wand) Top sources of information are from colleagues, friends, clients; from press, media reports; from personal experience Level of corruption in past 5 years remained about the same Public tolerance affected increases in incidence of corruption and greater press freedom affected decreases in levels of corruption US, France, UK: Top 3 governments said to be using other means to gain unfair advantage Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Public Dissemination Institution Press releases Databank & Publications SWS-SE Media writes reports on it after the public briefing is conducted Data, for so long as no longer embargoed, can be accessed by the public for a fee MBC-EOS Write-ups regularly posted in website and is distributed to media No archiving of data; Raw data not for public access; Executive Outlook Survey results published in website PERC Corruption in Asia One-page press release given to clients and not to media Raw data not for public access; Consolidated report is for clients only (like TI) called Corruption in Asia Report PERC Trends in corruption Associated France Press (AFP) buys the report and local media gets a copy from wire service reports (and are often misreported) Raw data not for public access; Asian Intelligence Report; Philippine Risk Rating Update TI CPI TI posts results in its website; Usually press gets a one-page summary of rankings in the world & the Asia Pacific Results of surveys, tables and charts can be accessed in the TI website; Raw data not accessible TI BPI-ARO ARO Releases are for selected clients and not for media; TI posts results in its website Results of surveys, tables and charts can be accessed in the TI website; Raw data not accessible Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on SWS Methods Simple random sampling instead of a panel survey every round should be considered Should consider the use of weights when aggregating responses of the different study areas May want to pursue the use of the sealed-envelope technique in interviewing especially for sensitive issues on corruption Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on MBC Methods May want to improve method of collecting data; there is a need to ensure that those who answer the forms are the MBC members and are not accomplished by secretaries or assistants Although response rates are decent, there is a need to ensure that profile of sample reflects actual demographics of MBC members; Those who did not respond may be significantly different from those who responded Should consider a more advanced method of tabulating responses to improve quality control Should consider archiving their data Can possibly make generalizations about MBC members opinions but not necessarily all businessmen Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on PERC Methods Demographics like nationality, sector, industry, media access and sources of information or basis for opinions should also be monitored. Items like incidences of actual bribery experience or first-hand stories can also be included. Reports should be qualified as opinions of regional managers who are mostly based in HK and Singapore and/or Philippine expatriates Although response rates are decent, there is a need to ensure that profile of sample reflects actual demographics of regional managers and Philippine expatriates Reports tend to mix analysts expert opinion with data culled from surveys Surveys on Corruption conducted among Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on TI-Phil. Methods Since independent institutions are the sources of the data, the differences in methods & target respondents may have its effects But these effects seem to be negligible when scores were standardized, averaged and subjected to beta transformations as well as correlations to create a more reliable index, thus validating the reliability of the results It would be great if they could include predictors of perceptions or variables measuring impact of media attention and sources of information in their analysis of the results Varying cultural contexts across countries may have its effects on how incidences of corruption are reported
Generalizations on the validity of the surveys + Not all the surveys follow strict probability methods for respondent selection + Caution should be exercised for results of surveys whose response rates may be decent but are not validated with demographics of population under study + Results should be qualified (or understood) as responses of a particular segment or type of businessmen and this differs for every institution conducting the surveys + The consistency of patterns in responses across institutions (even if they have different types of respondents & methods) somehow gives validity to the perceptions on corruption levels in the country Insights from Data Results E Media reports have a big impact on perceptions E Word of mouth by colleagues and friends also affect perceptions E When looking at the 2005 TI-CPI RP data, the high-low range of scores is 2.3 to 2.8, indicating variability in responses and RP ranking may actually be between 97 to 130 (117) but scores are still relatively low E Status of high profile corruption cases easily gets the attention of analysts, businessmen, and expatriates E Systems and efforts that will help sustain decreasing incidences of bribery in public transactions should be maintained THE NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM (NIS)
A study by Transparency International- Philippines 2006 Background The concept of the National Integrity System (NIS) has been developed and promoted by TI as part of its holistic approach to countering corruption. The NIS consists of the key institutions, laws and practices that contribute to integrity, transparency and accountability in a society. When it functions properly, the NIS combats corruption as part of the larger struggle against abuse of power, malfeasance, and misappropriation in all its forms. The NIS approach provides a framework with which to analyze both the extent and causes of corruption in a given national context, as well as the adequacy and effectiveness of national anti-corruption efforts. By diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of a particular integrity system, an evaluation based on the NIS can help inform anti-corruption advocacy and reform efforts. Background (continued) Executive Legislature Political Parties Electoral Commissions Supreme Audit Institution Judiciary Public Sector Police and Prosecutors Ombudsman Anti-corruption agencies Media Civil Society Private Sector Regional and Local Government International Institutions Public Procurement The main pillars of the NIS are considered to be the following: What is the National Integrity System TIs National Integrity System (NIS) country studies are qualitative reports that provide a detailed and nuanced assessment of anti-corruption systems at country level. Via these studies, TI aims to provide an overview of the National Integrity Systems in countries from all regions of the world. The studies provide both benchmarks for measuring further developments in these countries, and a basis for comparison among countries. TI believes it is necessary to understand the provision for and capacity of National Integrity Systems to be able to diagnose corruption risks. TI-Philippines: Goals of the NIS Project The Philippine Chapter of TI is the one spearheading the study Their goals are to Undertake a survey regarding the basic state pillars and bring recommendations on how to reduce corruption in this institutions Publish the survey in National Integrity System Study in English language Promote results of National Integrity System Study trough mass media Stimulate broader public discussion on anti-corruption issues Strength the rule of the law Improve accountability and transparency of the public sector TI-Philippines: Project Activities Investigation of the corruption phenomenon on the ground i.e. in 11 basic state pillars (Government, Parliament, Judiciary, Prosecutors, Police,) Printing of the National Integrity System Study Media presentation Distribution of the Study TI-Philippines: Methods Used Dr. Gabriella Quimson (of the Griffith University) is the consultant of TI Philippines on this project. She had accepted a 6-month project with AUSAID. In a recent interview via phone (to Australia) she says she would not yet be in a position to disclose details on methodology and results until the project is completely finished and TI gives the go signal A focus group discussion was held in late June 2006 to present the initial results to various stakeholders but this did not prove to be productive enough for concrete validation of results According to a 2-page summary of the initial results, the study utilized institutional research and news reports to gather data for the study and interviews were no longer conducted The report has not been finalized and a summary of findings is the only available release on the study A second draft of the report is being prepared and more FGDs for validation of results will be conducted among stakeholders in the coming months Comments on the TI-Philippines Method for the NIS Study The failure of Dr. Quimson to be there during the presentation of initial results has been a great factor in the inability to explain in great detail the methods used and conclusions reached by TI-Phils for the study The initial plan to conduct in-depth interviews would have been a good parallel method together with institutional research and gathering of data from news reports (the latter was cited as the method used based on the 2-page summary released) It would be essential to get hold of a copy of the full report before any comprehensive assessments of the methods and the findings of TI Phils for the NIS study can be made A second draft of the report is being prepared and FGDs will again be held to present the results to various stakeholders before the report is finalized -- which can shed better light on methods used SUGGESTIONS Suggestions TO GOVERNMENT Govt agencies have to have a clear, comprehensive and inter-linked plan for combating corruption and disseminate to the public in simple laymans terms Govt institutions should aggressively & unceasingly trumpet gains in anti- corruption efforts in the tri-media A regular TV, radio, newspaper blitz or peryodikit in barangays on anti- corruption programs & updates should be sustained Hotlines for reporting cases of corruption should be propagated and popularized School curricula should incorporate values which would foster a society intolerable to corruption Linkages and joint efforts of religious and civic organizations with govt should be popularly disseminated Strong grassroots (barangay level) support to create a continuing momentum for anti-corruption efforts Broadcast or publish names of people with cases of graft and resolution (updates) reached on these cases Suggestions TO GOVERNMENT Actively encourage business to participate in anti-corruption activities (sit in bidding and awards committees, contribute to anti-graft funds, etc.) and acknowledge their anti-corruption efforts Have a database of members of the business community, regional managers (especially in HK and Singapore), expatriates & their respective networks and create a regular means of updating them of governments anti-corruption efforts through an email system or newsletter distribution Follow through the corruption fund they are willing to put up in order to strengthen anti- corruption efforts and plan with them who, how and where it should be disbursed Set-up a regular schedule of meeting with business or be included in their forums where govt can inform them of recent actions, solicit their assistance and suggestions Know where businessmen are susceptible to corruption and focus anti-corruption efforts there [Mine the survey data] C Transactions to watch out for: local & national govt permits and licensing, income payments, import/export regulations, receivables from govt [simplifying processes and transactions will greatly help] C Sectors to watch out for: construction, defence, import/export, logging & lumber C Agencies to focus on: BIR, BoC, DPWH, AFP, PNP, DENR, LTO Make business groups & networks realize the importance of promoting strong private sector (business) ethics to help prevent corruption Suggestions to the PRIVATE/BUSINESS SECTOR Continue to be active in anti-corruption efforts especially in sectors vulnerable to corruption (construction, defence, import/export, logging & lumber) and in crucial agencies (BIR, BoC, DPWH, AFP, PNP, DENR) Take steps to make the plans for an anti-corruption fund realizable Undertake mechanisms for policing own ranks against corruption by practicing strong business ethics and corporate governance within their spheres of influence Be more diligent in demanding for receipts, always issuing receipts, keeping one set of books only, and paying taxes honestly Suggestions to SURVEY RESEARCH COMPANIES Be more transparent and comprehensive in reporting research methods used for studies made public Consider archiving data results so that they may be validated and/ or mined by other interested parties Continually assess, evaluate and improve methods of research (from sampling to questionnaire design to data processing and analysis) so that credibility and integrity will be protected Be meticulous in applying error margins and confidence intervals when interpreting survey data results [Note: Standard error margins and confidence intervals used are applicable only to methods using simple random sampling (SRS) and therefore allowances should be made for multi-stage methods] Exercise caution in reporting survey findings and making generalizations and conclusions when non-probability methods are used Suggestions to MEDIA 4 Take pains to report properly survey methods used and survey results; being wary of sound bites which may be misleading 4 Exercise more responsibility in doing further research on studies on corruption rather than taking everything at face value as reported by the survey firms 4 Consider good news (positive actions, improved efforts, encouraging updates) in the battle against corruption equally as important to report and publish as the negative news on corruption 4 Give as much space and airtime to positive developments and news in the fight against corruption as a means to encourage integrity champions and honest officials & employees in government 4 Focus reports not only on corrupt national officials but also against corrupt local executives, corrupt businessmen and corrupt private individuals Suggestions to CIVIL SOCIETY + Continue efforts to help the public sector in its difficult task of fighting corruption by: Assisting in info-dissemination on ways to prevent corruption Propagating gains in anti-corruption efforts Being critical of government lapses but proactive in its efforts and suggestions to help curb corruption Being active in joint efforts with government like participation in Biddings and Awards Committees (BACs) Explore other creative means of participation in boosting anti-corruption efforts especially those that will encourage integrity champions and honest government officials and employees Aid in gathering evidences not only against corrupt national officials but also against corrupt local executives, corrupt businessmen and corrupt private individuals END OF PRESENTATION Maraming Salamat po!
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 — Volume 12 of 55
1601-1604
Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing