Complex By definition, a complex number z is an ordered Numbers pair (a,b) , written

z = (a,b). a is called the real part and b the imaginary part of z, written a = Re z, b = Im z It is expressible in the standard form: a + bi or a + jb.

2nd Sem 2010-2011

Prepared by: Benjamin Pedrosa

Complex The value i or j is the imaginary unit or Numbers -1. number. It is equal to
Algebraic or Rectangular form :
The algebraic of rectangular form of a complex number is:

a + bi
Where: a = real part bi = imaginary part i = -1. and i2 = -1
2nd Sem 2010-2011 Prepared by: Benjamin Pedrosa

Complex Addition or Subtraction of Complex Numbers: Numbers= (a1 + a2) + j(b1+b2) (a1 + jb1) + (a2 + jb2)
(a1 + jb1) - (a2 + jb2) = (a1 - a2) + j(b1 - b2)
Example: 1. (7 + j6) + (23 j8) = (7 + 23) + (j6 j8) = 30 j2 2. (7 + j6) - (23 j8) = (7 - 23) + (j6 ( j8)) = -16 + j14

2nd Sem 2010-2011

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Complex Multiplication of Complex Numbers: Numbers of polynomials is similar to multiplication

Example: 1. (3 + 2i)(4 3i) = 12 9i + 8i 6i2 = 12 i 6(-1) = 18 i 2. (3 + i)2 = 9 + 6i + i2 = 9 + 6i - 1 = 8 + 6i

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Complex Conjugate of Complex Number: Numbers The conjugate of a complex number is

obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary part.
Examples: Number 1. 2 + 3i 2. 3 5i 3. -5 + 2i
2nd Sem 2010-2011

Conjugate 2 3i 3 + 5i -5 2i
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Complex Conjugate of Complex Number: Numbers number and its The product of a complex
conjugate is always a real number.
Example: 1. (2 + 3i)(2 3i) = 4 9i2 = 4 9(-1) = 13 2. (-3 + 8i)(-3 8i) = 9 - 64i2 = 9 - 64(-1) = 9 + 64 = 73
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Complex Division of Complex Numbers: Numbers the numerator and is obtained by multiplying
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Example: 3 + 4i 2-i

2+i 2+i

=
=

=
2nd Sem 2010-2011

6 + 3i + 8i + 4 i2 4 i2 2 + 11i 4 (-1) 2 11 + i 5 5
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Complex Polar Form or Trigonometric Form Numberscomplex number is used The polar form of a
to find the roots of a complex number.
Imaginary Axis, b

a + bi b

Real Axis, a

In the Argand chart shown: r = absolute value or modulus = argument a = r cos b = r sin

Argand
2nd Sem 2010-2011 Prepared by: Benjamin Pedrosa

Complex Polar Form or Trigonometric Form Numberscomplex number is used The polar form of a
to find the roots of a complex number.
Imaginary Axis, b

a + bi b

a + bi = r cos + r sin i a + bi = r(cos + sin i) Real Axis, a a + bi = r 1 Note: The value of that lies in the interval < is called the principal value of the argument
2nd Sem 2010-2011 Prepared by: Benjamin Pedrosa

a2 + b2 tan = b a r=

Complex Polar Form or Trigonometric Form Numbers Multiplication:

(r1 1 ) (r2 2) = r1r2 Example: (5 30) (6 45) = 30 Division: r1 r2 Example: 45 15
2nd Sem 2010-2011

(1 + 2)
75

r1 1 = 2 r2 67 = 3 17

(1 2) 50
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Complex De Moivres Theorem: Numbers n n

(r ) =r
Example: (5 15)3 = 53

n
45

3(15) = 125

Getting the roots of a complex number: To obtain the mth root of a complex number, use De Moivres theorem with n=1/m.
2nd Sem 2010-2011 Prepared by: Benjamin Pedrosa

Complex De Moivres Theorem: Numbers Getting the roots of a complex number:

In finding the mth root of a complex number there are m solutions. The modulus r is always the same and the argument are symmetrically spaced at 360/m apart, where m is the number of root required. Example: Find 5 + 12i.

2nd Sem 2010-2011

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Complex De Moivres Theorem: Numbers Example: Find 5 + 12i.

Solution : There will be two roots, each are 360/2 = 180 apart. First convert 5 + 12i to polar form: (a=5, b=12) r = 52 + 122 = 13 tan = 12/5; = 67.38 Thus: 5 + 12i = (13 67.38) = 13 (67.38) = 3.61 33.69and3.61 213.69
2nd Sem 2010-2011 Prepared by: Benjamin Pedrosa

Complex De Moivres Theorem: Numbers Example: Find 5 + 12i.

3.61
3.61

33.69 = 3.61 (cos 33.69 + i sin 33.69) = 3 + 2i 213.69 = 3.61 (cos 213.69 + i sin 213.69) = -3 - 2i

Thus the roots are : 3 + 2i and -3 2i

2nd Sem 2010-2011

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Complex Exponential Form Numbers i z=re

Where = argument in radians

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Complex Nat .Logarithm of a complex number Numbers form Rule : Use the exponential
ln z = ln(r ei) = ln r + ln ei ln z = ln r + i

Exponential and trigonometric functions of a complex number.

ei = cos + i sin e-i = cos - i sin Note : here is expressed in radians
2nd Sem 2010-2011

ei e-i sin = 2i ei + e-i cos = 2

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Complex Example: Find ln ( 3 + 4i) Numbers to polar form(a=3, b=4) Solution: Convert 3 + 4i
r = 32 + 42 = 5; tan = 4/3; = 53.13 = 0.9273 radians (3 + 4i) = 5 53.13 = 5e0.9273i ln (3 + 4i) = ln (5e0.9273i) = ln 5 + ln e0.9273i = ln 5 + 0.9273i ln e ( but ln e = 1) ln (3 + 4i) = 1.609 + 0.9273i

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Thank You!

Trivia
Argand Diagram,is named after the French mathematician Jean Robert Argand(1768 1822), born in Geneva and later librarian in Paris. His paper on the complex plane appeared in 1806, nine years after a similar memoir by the Norwegian mathematician Caspar Wessel (1745 1818), a surveyor of the Danish Academy of Science.

Seat work:
Direction: Write your answers in bond-papers. Do not write on the back side. Solve completely. 1. Addition of Complex Numbers 2. Subtraction of complex numbers 3. Conversion(rectangular to polar) 4. Extracting the square root of complex number 5. Getting the conjugate of complex numbers 6. Getting the nth power of a complex number