SOURCES OF LAW

Sources of Law

In all civil law legal systems, in Turkey, the primary source of law is legislation (mevzuat). Customary law (rf ve det hukuku, gelenek hukuku) and case law (judicial precedent) (itihat hukuku) are secondary sources of law. Legal doctrine is a subsidiary source of Principles of Law law.

Different pieces of legislation

The Constitution (Anayasa) International treaties (Milletleraras andlamalar) Statutes (Kanunlar ve yasalar) Statutory decree (Kanun hkmnde kararnameler) Regulations (Tzkler, nizamnameler) By-laws (Ynetmelikler, talimatnameler)

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1. The Constitution

Supreme piece of legislation The provisions of the Constitution are fundamental legal rules binding upon legislative, executive and judicial organs, and administrative authorities and other agencies and individuals. Laws shall not be in conflict with the Constitution. Defines the use of legislative power More difficult to amend than laws No law shall contradict the Constitution
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The General Principles of the Constitution

According to the fourth article of the Constitution, the provisions in the first, second and third articles related to the form of State, the attributes of the Republic, the indivisibility of the State, the official language, the flag, the national anthem and the capital city are unchangeable and it cannot be proposed that they be changed.

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1.2. International Treaties

Ratified by the GNA through enactment of a law Carry the force of law No control on constitutionality Some international agreements do not require ratification:

Agreements regulating economic, commercial and technical relations and covering a period of no more than one year Agreements in connection with implementation of international treaties, and economic, commercial, technical or administrative agreements concluded depending on an Principles Law authorization given byofa law,

1.2. International Treaties

International agreements duly put into effect
carry the force of law. No appeal to the Constitutional Court can be made with regard to these agreements, on the ground that they are unconstitutional. (The Constitution , Article 90/5)

Md.90:Usulne gre yrrle konulmu milletleraras andlamalar kanun hkmndedir. Bunlar hakknda Anayasaya aykrlk iddias ile Anayasa Mahkemesine bavurulamaz. (Ek cmle: 7.5.2004-5170/7 md.)Usulne gre yrrle konulmu temel hak ve zgrlklere ilikin milletleraras andlamalarla kanunlarn ayn konuda farkl hkmler iermesi nedeniyle kabilecek uyumazlklarda milletleraras andlama hkmleri esas alnr.
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1.3. How to enact a statute ?

DRAFT BILL (KANUN TASARISI) COUNCIL OF MINISTERS PROPOSAL OF LAW (KANUN TEKLF ) DEPUTIES PRESIDENCY OF THE ASSEMBLY (MLLET MECLS BAKANLII)

COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

COMMITTEE REPORT

LAW

PRESIDENT OF THE REBUPLIC

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OFFICIAL GAZETTE

1.3.Statutes

Promulgation by the President of the Republic

15 days May refer back If readopted unamendend, the President has to promulgate Budget laws may not be referred back

Published in the Official Journal Coming into effect Control on constitutionality Principles of Law

1.4. Statutory decree (Kanun hkmnde kararname )

Carry the power of law
May not be used to regulate fundamental rights, individual rights and political rights and duties under normal circumstances Empowering act (yetki kanunu) by The Turkish Grand National Assembly Defines purpose, scope, principles, duration, etc Issued by the Council of Ministers

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1.4. Statutory decree

Published in the Official Journal Submitted for approval of the GNA the day of publication

If not submitted, ceases to have effect that day If the GNA rejects or amends, those decisions enter into effect when they are published

Control on constitutionality under normal circumstances

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1.5.Regulations (Tzkler )
The Council of Ministers may issue regulations
governing the mode of implementation of laws or designating matters ordered by law, provided that they do not conflict with existing laws and are examined by the Council of State (Dantay). Regulations shall be signed by the President of the Republic and promulgated in the same manner as laws.(The Constitution , Article 115)

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1.6. By-Laws (Ynetmelikler)

The Prime Ministry (Babakanlk), the ministries(bakanlklar), and public corporate bodies (kamu tzel kiileri ) may issue by-laws in order to ensure the application of laws and regulations relating to their particular fields of operation, provided that they are not contrary to these laws and regulations. The law shall designate which by-laws are to be published in the Official Gazette. (The Constitution , Article 124) Law Principles of

KANUN

OLAAN DNEM KHKS

OLAANST HL KHKS

TZK

YNETMELK

Yetki

TBMM

Bakanlar Kurulu +Yetki Kanunu

Cumhurbakann Bakanlnda Bakanlar Kurulu (Yetki Kanununa Gerek Yok) Konu Snrlamas Yok

Bakanlar Kurulu

Babakanlk, Bakanlklar ve Kamu Tzel Kiileri Kanunlarn ve Tzklerin Uygulanmasn Salamak

Konu

Snrlama Yok

Temel Hak ve Hrriyetler Dzenlenemez (Sosyal Haklar Hari) Var

Kanunun Uygulanmasn Gstermek veya Emrettii leri Belirtmek

Cumhurbakannn mzas Resm Gazetede Yayn

Var

Var

Var

Yok

Var

Var

Var

Var

Hepsi in art Deil Yok Yok

TBMM'nin Onay Dantayn ncelemesi

Var Yok

Var Yok

Var Yok

Yok Var

Yargsal Denetim

Anayasa Mahkemesi

Anayasa Mahkemesi

Denetim yok Principles of Law

Dantay

Dantay / dare Mahkemeleri

2. Customary law (rf ve det hukuku, gelenek hukuku)

Customary law, an oral collection of rules of behavior people believed to be the appropriate ones, used to be the source of law in primitive societies. The conditions for the customary law to be applied; antiquity and continuity (sreklilik) popular belief in the rightness (genel inan) state sanction (devlet destei), agreement with statutory law.

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3. Case law (legal precedent) (itihat hukuku)

In the Turkish legal system, as in all civil law systems, legislation is the primary source of law. Court decisions are a subordinate source of law, and only some of the decisions of superior courts carry precedent

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