Evolution And Deployment Of Cellular Telephone Systems

Introduction
Initial wireless mobile system restricted for use in fields of public safety Lack of i. radio spectrum ii. immature technology iii. Inefficient transmission made the system expensive With advancement in technology newer mobile system design came up with improved operation and reliability Access to PSTN became available Efficient cellular system came from early system

Different Generation Of Wireless Cellular Networks

Land based 2 way mobile radio system started operation in 1930s in US Used by i. Military ii. Transportation industries iii. For fleet communication(police, fire dept) Operated in Time Division Duplex(TDD) mode Belll & AT&T started operation of a mobile radio telephone service to private user This system operated on a 150MHz band Request for additional radio freq spectrum was made by AT&T on behalf of Bell to FCC in 1947 to connect user PSTN Granted in 1949 This new technology was known as Mobile Telephone Service(MTS) and became popular in MA Its capacity exhausted by 1950s

Cellular concept put forward in 1940 FCCs was reluctant in providing extra spectrum for MTS use Bell introduced IMTS IMTS provided full duplex operation and other added features but did not increase the capacity enough to meet public demand 1968 in response to the backlog request for MTS & IMTS , FCC asked for technical proposal for efficient mobile phone system AT&T then proposed the cellular concept Trial cellular telephone system known as Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS)went into operation in Chicago in 1978 by BELL and AT&T This system operated in the newly allocated 800MHz band Commercial AMPS began operation in US in 1983 FCC released bulletin from OST titled Cellular System Mobile StationLand Station Compatibility Specification This provided the standards for AMPS AMPS started operation in Tokyo with 88 cell in 1979 In Nordic countries i.e Norway Denmark Finland and Sweden AMPS started operation in 1981 and was the first multinational cellular system called as Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) system and used 450 MHz band

1G CELLULAR SYSTEM
What is the 1G CS? The first analog based, voice-oriented cellular system during 1970s,1980s and 1983 are referred to as 1G CS.

AMPS
Its a 1st generation cellular system Operating in the freq band of 800MHZ It is Freq Division Duplex system(FDD) Downlink/Forward band- 824 to 849MHz Uplink/Reverse band- 869 to 894MHz Channel spacing set at 30kHz BS transmit and receive freq separated by 45 MHz Allotted spectrum was divided into A and B band to increase competition

AMPS Channel
Split into 2 bands A & B Both with 333 channels i.e 10 MHz each CHANNEL A 1-312 Traffic Channels(TCHs) for subscriber call 313-333 system control function used by mobile and base station to set up, clear calls and other n/w operation such as handoff

CHANNEL B 334-354 355-666

control channels traffic channels

Later 5MHz were added to the system which was again split evenly between the 2 operators Total of 416 traffic channels per operator

AMPS System Components And Layout

i. i. ii. iii.

Base station (BS) forms cells providing coverage to subscriber Connects to MTSO MTSO connects to PSTN Mobile station( MS) Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) Mobile switching office (MSC)

 BS and MS provides air interface providing subscriber mobility while connected to PSTN BS also provides interface between MSC and mobile subscriber BS receives signals and instruction from MSC allowing it to receive and send traffic to MS MSC- performs system control by i. switching calls to correct cell ii. Interfacing with PSTN iii. monitoring of system traffic for billing iv. performing diagnostic service v. Manages operation of entire n/w

OPERATION
BS uses DCC control info to idle MS within its cell MS uses RCC to communicate with BS in idle mode Radio link status signaling info over active voice channel is facilitated using Supervisory Audio Tones (SATs)/Analog Color Codes 5970Hz, 6000Hz, 6030Hz These tones keep MS and BSs ability to keep each other informed about there transmitting capability and confirm the success and failure of mobile operation

AMPS Forward And Reverse Control And Voice Channels

 BS periodically adds SAT signal in the FVC to the MS MS on return sends back the same freq tone on the RVC to the BS BS interfered by other MS or vice verse can be detected by the reception of the wrong SAT Digital color code(DCC) also performs a similar operation Additional signaling tone of 10KHz is used on a voice channel to confirm orders and signal various requests Signaling over voice channel is also accomplished by using change in SAT status or by use of short bursts of signaling tones or combi of both Digital signals may be transmitted on both forward and reverse voice channel to n from the BS and MS

Transfer Of Control Info Over FOCC and RCC

Data Transfer Over AMPS FOCC

FOCC transmit 3 data streams in TDM format STREAM A, STREAM B and BUSY-IDLE STREAM Used to send messages to mobile phones Stream A- 0, Stream B- 1 Busy idle stream-current status of RECC This minimizes messages collision to a little extent

 Each FOCC message consist of one or more words Msgs transmitted over FOCC i. Overhead- allows MS to perform initialization task update MS monitoring CC support system access by MS ii. MS control msgs iii. Control filler msgs

 2 types of MS control messages can be sent by the BS These msgs may be a page or an order message which initiates a particular operation Control filler- consists of a one space filler word sent when no msg is to be sent on the FOCC used to specify a control mobile attenuation code to adjust the o/p powers of MS accessing system on RECC

Control of MS by BS
In AMPS BS control MS Achieved by sending ORDER MSG to MS
i. ii. iii. iv. ALERT- inform MS of an incoming call AUDIT- to determine if the MS is still active in the system CHANGE POWER- to alter the MS RF o/p power INTERCEPT- inform user of a procedural error while placing a call v. MAINTENANCE- To check operation of a MS vi. RELEASE- To Disconnect A Call vii. REORDER- Indicates all facilities are in use viii. SEND CALLED ADDRESS- to inform MS that it must send a msg to BS with dialed-digit info ix. STOP ALERT- to inform MS to stop alerting the user

SECURITY AND IDENTIFICATION

Uses 3 identification no. i. MSs Electronic Serial No.(ESN)-provided by mobile phones manufacturer which cannot be changed ii. Mobile service providers System Identification No.(SID)- 15-bit binary no assigned to cellular system iii. Mobile Identification No.(MIN)- 34 bit binary no. derived from MSs 10 digit telephone no. 24 bit obtained from 7 digit local no. 10 bits from 3 digit area code

BASIC AMPS OPERATION

Uses several methods to provide
i. Control ii. Signaling iii. Identification info between BS & MS

Info sent on control or traffic channel Uses analog FM voice transmission BFSK for Control Information

1. INITIALIZATION

AMPS Ongoing Idle Mode Task

In idle mode the amps phone responds to the continuous control msg sent by BS These msg have to be executed every 46.3ms
i. Idle mode task 1- Respond To Overhead Info i.e compare SID ii. Idle mode task 2- Page Match MS must monitor MS control msg for page msgs. If paged the Mobile will enter System Access Task with a page response iii. Idle mode task 3- Order iv. Idle mode task 4- Call Initialization

AMPS mobile Originated Call

LAND TO MOBILE AND MOBILE TO MOBILE CALLS

AMPS Network Operation

Hand off Operation

STATION CLASS MARK(SCM)

Additional info sent to MS by BS about max o/p power

Other 1 G Cellular System

DAMPS
Introduced in NA- 1990 To increase capacity Used the same bandwidth of AMPS and procedures Used 2nd gen technology with backward compatibility Used TDMA technique Allows the use of same channel Some channels reserved for analog traffic while remaining for TDMA traffic Capacity increase was 3 fold form that of AMPS Specification as interim standard 54-B or IS 54-B True 2nd gen system termed as IS-136

2G
Major diff bet 1st and 2nd analog mod tech for transmission for voice traffic channel 2 G system convert A to D and uses digital mod tech to transmit the digital encoded voice msg Results in accommodating more than one user at a time This is multiplexing
a. TDMA b. CDMA

 Uses digital mod technique to send digital control message Does not require analog supervisory or signaling tones Uses digital encoding and mod on user data This provides i. Privacy ii. Security iii. Error detection/correction iv. Combating fading and noise effects

General Characteristics Of 2G Systems

Cellular syst can support more than 1user/radio channel For this advanced multiplexing syst are used i. TDMA ii. GSM iii. CDMA

GSM
Operation Late 1992 with GSM handsets Over 1 million customers by 1993 end 72% of cellular customer subscribe this service Uses TDMA allowing 8 users/channel Channel spacing 200 kHz Uses freq band in 900MHz (GSM900) Upbanded version 1800MHz (GSM1800) 1900MHz band was added in US for personal communication (PCS) i.e GSM1900

CDMA
CTIA submitted a user performance requirement for next gen wireless service In response Qualcomm Corporation developed CDMA in early 1990 CDMA air interface standard IS 95 was adopted in 1993 Commercialized in HONGKONG in 1995 Used in Cellular and PCS band 13% of world cellular telephones use this technique

TDMA
1st 2G TDMA system developed for use in the freq band of 800MHz and the 1900MHz PCS band Published as IS-136 Similar to GSM Presently known as NA-TDMA 10%

PDC
Japanese ministry of post and telegraph started work to create a digital cellular system with a common air interface in 1989 Lead to the Japanese Personal Digital Comm System (PDC) 1991 PDC systems using TDMA in 800MHz & 1500MHz were deployed in 1993 by MOTOROLA 5%

2.5 G Cellular System

After 2g CS began to operate desire to deliver mobile data came up At this stage INTERNET was blossoming. IBM along with other mobile carriers published a specification for Cellular Digital Packet Data(CDPD) that could be overlaid on AMPS system CDPD allowed i. User wireless e-mail access ii. File transfer The only draw back being that the data transfer rate is slow- 9.6kbps

Evolution Of Mobile Data Services

i. ii. iii. iv. CDPD HSCSD- High Speed Circuit Switched Data GPRS- General Packet Radio Service Packet data over CDMA

HSCSD
Designed to enhance circuit switched data rates on GSM n/w Takes place in 2 steps i. Deployed in 2001- 43.2kbps ii. 64kbps Superseded by GPRS

GPRS
Defined by ETSI( European Telecommunication Standard Institute) To provide packet switched data service i. Allow full mobility ii. Wide area coverage on GSM n/w GSM GPRS service was designed to provide data transfer rate upto 160kbps Also deployed by NA-TDMA- 45kbps

Packet Data Over CDMA

Used Inter Working Function component for both Circuit and Packet Data For CS data- supplies modem connection to the PSTN and modem function is built into the subscriber CDMA phone For PS data- provides interface between the wireless system and external packet n/w with max data rate of 14.4kbps

The CDMA Interworking Function Node

3 G Cellular Systems
Cellular systems and associate standard with the ability to support i. High data rate service ii. Advanced multimedia services(voice, data, video) iii. Global roaming These standards are facilitated by International Telecommunication Union(ITU) ITU formed IMT forum to address mobile telecommunication needs

3G Characteristics
Should be able to work in various diff operating environment Irrespective of the location of the mobile it should be supported by 3G networks Various hierarchical cell structure has been defined by IMT-2000

3 G CHARACTERRISTICS BY CELL SIZE AND MOBILE SPEED

FEATURES
Support varying data rates Provide bandwidth on demand to subscriber 3G subscriber devices (SDs) or end terminals(ETs) reqd to support multiple tech and freq band Ability to be reprogrammed by their home cellular system Support multiple simultaneous connection IP addressing Backward compatible

3G Radio Interfaces
IMT-2000 requirement for Radio Transmission Tech(RTT) are driven by basic 3G requirement Most of the cellular subscriber use either GSM CDMA or NA-TDMA tech Several proposal were submitted to IMT-2000 Only 5 selected by ITU Presented only 2 major 3G cellular tech proposal moving ahead i. Cdma2000 ii. UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access(UTRA)

UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecomm Syst Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRA or UTRAN proposed by ETSI and supported by UMTS forum This system was slated to use the new freq allocation in the 2 GHz band To employ combi of W-CDMA & TDD or FDD-CDMA depending on spectrum availability To support diff UMTS service for sym and asym services Recent evolution is the use of TD-SCDMA proposed by China Wireless Telecommnication Standard(CWTS) group DoCoMo(NTT) system uses a W-CDMA for its FOMA system

cdma2000
Enhanced wideband version of CDMA Supported by US Telecomm Industry Association(TIA) and CDMA Development Group(CDG)

FEATURES:
a. b. c. d. e. Backward compatible with CDMA IS-95B support for data service(2mbps) support for multimedia service support for advanced radio tech Support diff radio link bandwidths depending on required data rate

Implementation
First phase is to implement the 1xRTT tech over a standard 1.25MHz CDMA channel This can double the voice capacity to support the packet data service at rates up to 144kbps in mobile environment Next phase is cdma2000 1xEV It consist of 2 version i. cdma2000 1xEV DO( data only)2.4mbps/153kbps ii. cdma2000 1xEV DV (data and voice)

 1xEV-DO supports application such as i. MP3 transfers ii. video conferencing 1xEV-DV supports i. integrated voice ii. simultaneous high speed data packet multimedia services at speeds up to 3 mbps over an all- IP architecture for radio access and core network Both system backward compatible

UWC-136/EDGE
UWC-136- proposal for evolution of NA-TDMA cellular systm Developed by United Wireless Communications Consortium(UWCC) UWCC has been disbanded and its mission has been taken over by GSM association. Hence most NA-TDMA operators have opted to follow GSM/EDGE route to 3G cellular

4G Cellular Systems And Beyond

Convergence of Wireless Mobile and Wireless Access Communication technologies This convergence will evolve in response to the issues of i. Bandwidth efficiency ii. Dynamic bandwidth allocation iii. QoS iv. Security v. Next gen digital transceiver technology vi. Self organizing n/w vii. Future concern

Wireless ATM
Introduced in early 1990 Means for Mobile Terminals to connect to an ATM n/w Wireless ATM(WATM)group formed the ATM forum in late 1990 It aimed at end-to-end ATM network with an ability to support a variety of wireless tech for interconnectivity between various portion of the backbone n/w There were a no. of problem relating to the physical layer due to which the progress of the WATM group slowed down It was designed for use over fiber optic transmission channels This resulted in the group getting involved in participating in the standard activities of wireless LAN group the HIPER LAN which was a European based effort