CONTENTS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. WHAT IS GPS? HISTORY OF GPS BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GPS COMPONENTS OF GPS HOW DOES GPS WORK? SOURCES OF GPS ERRORS & SOLUTIONS USES & APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCE

What is GPS?
GPS stands for Global Positioning System. Orbiting navigational satellites
Transmit position and time data

Handheld receivers calculate

latitude longitude altitude velocity

History of the GPS

1969Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS) formed 1973NAVSTAR Global Positioning System developed 1978first 4 satellites launched

History of the GPS

199424th satellite launched; initial operational capability 1995full operational capability May 2000Military accuracy available to all users

Four Basic Functions of GPS

Position and coordinates.

The distance and direction between any two waypoints, or a position and a waypoint. Travel progress reports. Accurate time measurement.

Components of the GPS

GPS

Space Segment

Control Segment

User Segment

Three Segments of the GPS

Space Segment

User Segment Control Segment Ground Antennas

Master Station

Monitor Stations

Space Segment
24 satellite vehicles Six orbital planes
Inclined 55o with respect to equator Orbits separated by 60o

20,200 km elevation above Earth Orbital period of 11 hr 55 min Five to eight satellites visible from any point on Earth

User Segment:
It consists of receivers that decode the signals from the satellites. The receiver performs following tasks:
Selecting one or more satellites Acquiring GPS signals Measuring and tracking Recovering navigation data

Used by
Aircraft Ground vehicles Ships Individuals

Control Segment
US Space Command

Cape Canaveral Hawaii Kwajalein Atoll Diego Garcia Ascension Is.

Master Control Station

Monitor Station

Ground Antenna

Control Segment:
The control segment comprises of 5 stations. They measure the distances of the overhead satellites every 1.5 seconds and send the corrected data to Master control. Here the satellite orbit, clock performance and health of the satellite are determined and determines whether repositioning is required. This information is sent to the three uplink stations

How does GPS work?

Satellite circles the Earth and transmits signal Signal contains time it was sent and its location All satellites send their signal at the same time Difference in time to reach receivers is used to determine location Need four satellites to determine position

Position is Based on Time

Signal leaves satellite at time T

T+3

Signal is picked up by the receiver at time T + 3

Distance between satellite and receiver = 3 times the speed of light

Sources of GPS Error

Source
Satellite clocks: Orbital errors: Ionosphere: Troposphere: Receiver noise: Multipath: User error:

Amount of Error
1.5 to 3.6 meters < 1 meter 5.0 to 7.0 meters 0.5 to 0.7 meters 0.3 to 1.5 meters 0.6 to 1.2 meters Up to a kilometer or more

Methods of Improving Accuracy

Precision monitoring Augmentation

Uses of GPS
Locating Tracking

Navigating
Mapping Timing

Applications
Military Civilian
Automobiles Aircraft Marine Agriculture Disaster Relief Many More !

CONCLUSION
There will probably be a time soon when every car on the road can be equipped with a GPS receiver, including a video screen installed in the dashboard. The in-dash monitor will be a full-color display showing your location and a map of roads around you. Nowadays GPS has become important for nearly all military operations and weapons systems. In addition, it is used on satellites to obtain highly accurate orbit data and to control spacecraft orientation. The future of GPS is as unlimited as your imagination. New applications will continue to be created as the technology evolves. The GPS satellites, like handmade stars in the sky, will be guiding us well into the 21st century.

NAME-SUMIT KUMAR ROLL NO:-08182003046 STREAM-E.C.E(8TH SEM) YEAR-2012