QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Administration Method
Deciding which questionnaire to use Closed or open ended, Self or interviewer administered

Questionnaire construction
Question wording
short and simple Avoid negative questions Avoid Prestige Bias Use indirect questions

CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Question Sequence
Questions should flow logically from one to the next. The researcher must ensure that the answer to a question is not influenced by previous questions. Questions should flow from the more general to the more specific. Questions should flow from the least sensitive to the most sensitive. Questions should flow from factual and behavioral questions to attitudinal and opinion questions. Questions should flow from unaided to aided questions.

CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire Pre-testing(Pilot study)
This means that you must test it out to see if it is obtaining the result you require. This is done by asking people to read it through and see if there are any ambiguities which you have not noticed. They should also be asked to comment about the length, structure and wording of the questionnaire Alter the questions accordingly

Guidelines for Constructing a Questionnaire

1. Simple and concise language 2. Realistic demand 3. Understanding of the questions 4. One dimensional question 5. No escape route 6. Specific questions not general 7. No suggestive questions 8. Polite language 9. Straightforward questions 10. Questions in right order 11. Neat and tidy questionnaire 12. Pre-test

VALIDATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Validation involves establishing that the instrument
produces data that are reliable and true. There are a number of ways to define this, some of which outlined below. Reliability: the degree to which a questionnaire will produce the same result if administered again, or the test-retest concept. It is also a measure of the degree to which a questionnaire can reflect a true change. Validity: the degree to which a questionnaire reflects reality. There are a number of different facets to validity.
Internal validity External Validity

VALIDATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Sensitivity: the degree to which the instrument can identify a true positive, e.g., accurately identify a person who does have the condition. Specificity: similar to sensitivity, this is the degree to which the instrument can identify a true negative, e.g., correctly identify the people who do not have the disease. Sensitivity and specificity are another side of the coin from internal validity. Discriminant validity: the ability of the questionnaire to detect true differences between groups

Sampling Plan
Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

Procedure for drawing sample

Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling

Non-probability

Simple Random

Convenience Sampling

Stratified Random

Purposive Sampling

Judgment Sampling Systematic Sampling

Quota Sampling Cluster Sampling

Area Sampling

Snowball Sampling

Probability Sampling (random/choice)

Simple Random Sampling Select a numbers in randomly Probability of selection of each unit=1/N Stratified Sampling Population is divided in to different set of strata(homogeneous)(rural, urban, semi urban) Systematic sampling Sampling interval width, I=N/n, 800/40=20 Cluster sampling Population is divided into different clusters(heterogeneous) Area sampling Some graphical sub division

Non-Probability Sampling(calculated)
Convenience sampling
Interviewers decide the choice of sampling units based on their convenience

Judgment sampling
Sample units are selected on the advice of some expert or by institutions/opinions etc.

Quota sampling
Population is classified into a number of groups based on some criterion, (age of members of population, old age, middle age, )

snowball sampling
Select samples in randomly and additional samples will select based on referrals of those initial samples.