Presented By Darshan Desai Sem-VI Roll No.

:-08 Pharmacology

 Eukaryotic (organized nucleus and cell structure) Non-motile Aerobic Saphrophytic or parasitic Cell wall contains glucan and chitin Cell membrane contains ergosterol

Classified into four main types on the basis of their morphological and other characteristics:Yeasts (unicellular, budding) Molds-yeast like fungi (hyphae, mycelia, spores) Filamentous fungi with a true mycelium Dimorphs (both)

Fungal Disease Meningitis Candidiasis Ringworm

Organism Yeasts (Cryptococcus neoformans) Molds (Candida albicans) Filamentous Fungi (Epidermophyton floccosum Trichophyton spp. Microsporum spp.) Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) Dimorphic Fungi (Histoplasma capsulatum) Dimorphic Fungi (Coccidioides immitis) Dimorphic Fungi (Blastomyces dermatides)

Pulmonary aspergillosis Histoplasmosis Coccidiomycosis Blastomycosis

Organism: Cryptococcus neoformans yeast with a thick polysaccharide capsule Habitat: bioterrorists (of a sort), worldwide Pathogenesis: inhalation of yeasts

Pathophysiology: Inhalation leads to Transient colonization OR Acute/chronic lung disease OR CNS invasion

Clinical Pneumonia OR Meningoencephalitis Acute or chronic Fever, headache, stiff neck, fever, delirium Hydrocephalus

Organism: Candida albicans et al (yeasts with hyphal forms) Habitat: normal human flora Pathogenesis: Colonized areas: change in environment leads to overgrowth Noncolonized areas: change in immunity leads to invasion

Pathogenesis of Candida infections Primary host defenses: Intact skin Intact mucosa with normal pH and normal flora Functioning lymphocytes Functioning neutrophils

Pathogenesis of local Candida infections Environmental changes Wet skin Changes in local flora Hormones, foreign bodies Lymphocyte dysfunction Immaturity

Clinical:Pathophysiology:Granulomatous Surface molecules that permit adherence of the vasculitis organism to other Diffuse cerebritis structures (eg, human with microabscesses cells, extracellular matrix) Mycotic aneurysms Acid proteases and Mental status phospholipases that involve penetration and changes damage of cell envelopes Fever Ability to convert to a Nuchal rigidity hyphal form (phenotypic Confusion switching) Coma

Organism:-Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton floccosum Habitat: soil, worldwide Pathogenesis: grow as saprophytes on skin/nails; cause inflammation below; introduced through skin by foreign body, grow in subcutaneous tissues, spread via lymphatic

Pathophysiology:The fungus does not invade living tissue but the fungus and its metabolic products cause inflammation. Epidermophyton floccosum causes athletes foot in humans usually in the web area between toes and is common in shoewearing people because its favoured by warm, humid conditions.

Clinical: Tinea cruris Tinea corporis Tinea pedis Tinea unguum Tinea capitis

Organism: Aspergillus fumigatus and others Mold without a yeast phase Habitat: everywhere, worldwide Pathogenesis: inhalation of spores

Pathophysiology:Spores in lung may: Elicit allergy Grow in preexisting cavity Invade vasculature, disseminate with local and distant disease Neutrophils prime defenders

Clinical: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Aspergilloma Invasive aspergillosis with pneumonia, other end-organ disease

Organism: Histoplasma capsulatum Soil dimorph (yeast in body, mold in environment) Habitat: soils with high N content Ohio-Mississippi valley; Caribbean; Central and S. America Guano of bats, birds, poultry (chicken coops and caves Pathogenesis: inhalation of spores

Pathophysiology: Clinical: Mold spores transform Mimics TB. Usually into yeast in lung, elicit latent disease, but cellular immunity as per may cause acute/chron TB cavitary lung disease Hematogenous may disseminate after dissemination infection (infancy, Skin test reactivity immunocompromise) Walled off granulomata may reactivate years lat

Organism: Coccidioides immitis Dimorph: mold in soil, spherules and endospores in host Habitat: lower Sonoral life zone (arid):Southwest US, Mexico, Central and South America Pathogenesis: inhalation of spores

Pathophysiology: Spores transform into spherules in lung, elicit cellular immunity as per TB Hematogenous dissemination Skin test reactivity Walled off granulomas

Clinical: Acute self-limited flulike seroconversion syndrome (Valley fever) Acute or chronic lung disease Dissemination (pregnancy, dark skin) Skin, Bone, CNS

Organism: Blastomyces dermatiditis dimorph: mold to yeast Habitat: humid woodlands MidAtlantic zone Beaver dams, peanut farms Organic debris rather than soil Pathogenesis: inhalation of spores

Pathophysiology: Spores transform into yeast in lung, disseminate No good antigen test to define exposed Population

Clinical: Acute or chronic lung disease (nodular/cavitary) Disseminated disease: Skin Bone Urinary tract in men

H.P.Rang and M.M.Dale et al. 2007, Pharmacology (6thedition), churchill livingstone elsevier,684-688 2. Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology By-gerard J.Tortora,12th Edition Pg No-969970
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