|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
g
v
k
2
2
2
g
V
2
2
2
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
"
2 2 2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
h
g
V
g
v
k
g
V
A
A
C
h
j
B
j
v
+ + +
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
C
v
= coefficient of velocity of the nozzle
A
j
= cross sectional flow area of the jet
A
B
= cross sectional flow area of the pipe upstream of the nozzle
V
j
= jet velocity (same as V1)
v
2
= velocity of water relative to bucket at exit from bucket
V
2
= absolute velocity of water leaving the bucket
h = energy head directly available to the buckets (transferred to the
runner
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
The Nozzle loss is often written as
k, the bucket friction loss coefficient, vary from 0.2 to 0.6
Since the nozzle is considered an integral part of the impulse turbine, the
The hydraulic efficiency
The overall efficiency (or simply efficiency)
g
V
A
A
C
j
B
j
v
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
g
V
K
j
n
2
2
h
h
Qh
Qh
" "
'
= =
q
The ratio of the power transferred
directly to the turbine to the power
in the flow at the base of the
nozzle
is less than because of that part of the
energy delivered to the buckets that is lost
in the mechanical friction in the bearings
and the windage, further reducing the
energy delivered to the output shaft.
Qh
T
power Input
power shaft output
e
q = =
) (
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
Problem
Demonstrate that when taking account of fluid friction in the buckets
of an impulse wheel by using with values of k ranging from 0.2
to 0.6, this is nearly equivalent to v
2
= 0.8 0.9 times v
1
g
v
k
2
2
2
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
Solution
v
1
2
/2g h
L
= where
v
1
2
/2g =
v
1
2
k v
2
2
= v
2
2
v
2
2
(1+k)
=
v
1
2
, thus
For k =0.20, v
2
= 0.91 v
1
k =0.60, v
2
= 0.79 v
1
v
2
2
/2g
h
L
=
g
v
k
2
2
2
g
v
k
2
2
2
v
2
2
/2g
k
v
v
+
=
1
1
2
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
Problem
Water is delivered from a reservoir through a 4 ft diameter pipe (f=0.025), 10,000 ft
long to a nozzle that emits an 8 in diameter jet that impinges on an impulse wheel. The
surface of the reservoir is at anelevation of 2420 ft higher than the nozzle. The impulse
wheel is connected to a 20 pole generator in a 60 cycle system. The wheel has a
diameter of 106 in and a bucket angle
2
of 165
o
. Assuming
the headloss through the
nozzle can be expressed as 0.05 V
j
2
/ 2g, where V
j
is the jet velocity.
Assume v
2
=v
1
, neglect minor losses, bearing friction, and windage
Find the following:
1- Velocity of flow in the pipe 7- force on the bucket, F
2- jet velocity 8- torque on the wheel
3- flow rate 9- shaft horsepower
4- Speed of bucket 10- horse power at the base of the nozzle
5- value of u/V
1
11- overall turbine efficiency
6- net head
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
1- Velocity of Flow in the pipe
- Energy Equation from the surface of Reservoir to jet (neglecting minor
losses at pipe entrance:
2420 0.025 x (10,000 / 4) (V
2
/2g) 0.05 (V
j
2
/2g) = V
j
2
/2g
- Continuity Equation: V
j
= (48 /8)
2
V
= 36 V
Therefore V = 10.47 ft/sec
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
2- Jet velocity
Continuity Equation: V
j
= (48 /8)
2
V
= 36 V = 377 ft/sec
3- Flow rate
Q= AV = x 4
2
/4 x 10.47 = 131.5 cfs
4- Speed of bucket
The rotative speed n of a turbine in rpm is given by
n = 120 x electric current frequency / N
For a 60 cycle system: n = 7200 /N
For a 50 cycle system: n = 6000/N
For this problem: n =7200 / 20 = 360 rpm
= 2 n / 60 = 37.7 rad /sec u = r = 37.7 x (106 / 2 /12) = 166.5 ft /sec
N = number of poles in
the generator
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
5- Value of u/V
1
u/V
1
= 166.5 / 377 = 0.44
6- Net head
h = P
B
/ + V
B
2
/ 2g = Y h
L
= 2420 f . (L/D) . (V
2
/2g)
= 2420 0.025 x (10,000/4) x 10.47
2
/(2x 32.2) = 2314 ft
7- Force on the bucket
F= Q (V
1
u) (1 cos
2
),
2
= 165
o
, cos
2
= -0.966
F = 1.94 (131.5) (377-166.5) (1+0.966) = 105,600 lb
8- Torque on wheel
T = F r = 105,600 (106 / 2 /12) = 466,300 ft.lb
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Head on an impulse turbines
9- Shaft horsepower
P = T / 550 = 466,300 (37.7) / 550 = 31,960 hp
10- Horsepower at the base of the nozzle (power input to the entire turbine,
including nozzle)
P
B
= Q h / 550 = 62.4 (131.5) (2314) / 550 = 34,520 hp
11- Overall efficiency
= shaft power / input power = (T) / ( Q h ) = 31,960 / 34520 = 0.926
= 92.6%
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Nozzle for impulse turbines
P
jet
= Q (V
j
2
/ 2g)
For a Given pipeline there is a unique jet diameter that will deliver maximum
power to a jet . This fact will be best illustrated by the following problem
A 6 in diameter pipe (f = 0.020) 1,000 ft long, from a reservoir with a water
surface elevation of 500 ft to a nozzle at elevation 300 ft. The jet from the
nozzle is used to drive an impulse turbine. If the head loss through the nozzle
is expressed by 0.04 (V
j
2
/ 2g), Find the jet diameter that will result in a
maximum power in the jet and evaluate the power in the jet.
Neglect the headloss at the pipe entrance
4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines
Nozzle for impulse turbines
Energy equation from reservoir surface to jet:
[0 + 500 +0] [0.02 (1000/0.5) (V
P
2
/2g)] 0.04 (V
j
2
/2g) = 0 + 300 + (V
j
2/2g)
Continuity equation:
A
P
V
P
= A
j
V
j
D
P
2
V
P
= D
j
2
V
j
D
P
= 0.50 ft 0.25 V
P
= D
j
2
V
j
and V
P
= 4 D
j
2
V
j
Substituting in the energy equation:
200 = (V
j
2
/2g) (1.04 + 640 D
j
4
)
D
j
D
j
V
j
A
j
Q = Aj Vj Pjet
in ft fps
ft
2
cfs hp
1.0 0.083 110 0.0055 0.60 12.6
1.5 0.125 104 0.0123 1.27 24.1
2.0 0.167 92 0.0218 2.00 29.5
2.5 0.208 76 0.0341 2.58 26.0
3.0 0.250 60 0.0491 2.96 18.9
4.0 0.333 38 0.0873 3.31 8.4
6.0 0.500 18 0.1963 3.48 1.9
P
jet
is maximum
for Dj = 2 in