Microprocessor and Microcontroller Fundamentals

ELEC 330 Digital Systems Engineering Dr. Ron Hayne

Images Courtesy of Ramesh Gaonkar and Delmar Learning

Admin
Course materials available online http://ece.citadel.edu/hayne/

Students are encouraged to print lecture slides in advance and use them to take notes in class

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Microcontrollers
Embedded Systems

Operations managed behind the scenes by a microcontroller An integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip
Microprocessor (MPU) Memory I/O (Input/Output) ports

Microcontroller (MCU)

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Microcontrollers
Support Devices

Timers A/D converter Serial I/O

All components connected by common communication lines called the system bus.

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Block Diagram

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Microprocessor (MPU)
A group of electronic circuits fabricated on a semiconductor chip that can read binary instructions written in memory and process binary data according to those instructions CPU and MPU

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Memory
A semiconductor storage device consisting of registers that store binary bits Two major categories

Read/Write Memory (R/W) Read-only-Memory (ROM)

D7

D0
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Input/Output (I/O)
Input devices such as switches and keyboards provide binary information to the microprocessor Output devices such as LEDs, video screens, and printers receive information from the microprocessor

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Microprocessor-Based Systems

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Microprocessor Architecture
The MPU communicates with memory and I/O using the system bus consisting of:

Address bus: unidirectional and carries memory and I/O addresses Data bus: bidirectional; transfers binary data and instructions between MPU and memory and I/O Control lines: Read and Write timing signals asserted by MPU

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Microprocessor-Based System with Buses: Address, Data, and Control

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Example Microprocessor System

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Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages

Machine Language: binary instructions

Difficult to decipher and write Prone to cause many errors in writing All programs converted into the machine language of a processor for execution
Description Add reg B to Acc Add Acc A and B Processor Intel 8085 80 ADD B ABA

Instruction Hex Mnemonic 10000000

00101000
00011011

28
1B

ADD A, R0 Add Reg R0 to Acc

Intel 8051
Motorola 6811

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Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages

Assembly Language: machine instructions represented in mnemonics

Has one-to-one correspondence with machine instructions Efficient in execution and use of memory; machine-specific and not easy to troubleshoot

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Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages

High-Level Languages (such as BASIC, C, and C++)

Written in statements of spoken languages (such as English)

machine independent easy to write and troubleshoot requires large memory and less efficient in execution

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Data Format (8-bit)

Unsigned Integers: All eight bits (Bit7 to Bit0) represent the magnitude of a number

Range 00 to FF in Hex and 0 to 255 in decimal

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Data Format (8-bit)

Signed Integers: Seven bits (Bit6 to Bit0) represent the magnitude of a number.

The eighth bit (Bit7) represents the sign of a number. The number is positive when Bit7 is zero and negative when Bit7 is one. Positive numbers: 00 to 7F (0 to 127) Negative numbers: 80 to FF (-1 to -128) All negative numbers are represented in 2s complement

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Data Format (8-bit)

Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)

8 bits of a number divided into groups of four, and each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9 Four-bit combinations from A through F in Hex are invalid in BCD numbers

Example: 0010 0101 represents the binary coding of the decimal number 25 which is different in value from 25H.

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Data Format (8-bit)

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

Seven-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations (00 to 7F) Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to 9, symbols, and commands

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MPU-Based Systems
System hardware

Includes discrete components such as a microprocessor, memory, and I/O Components connected by buses

address, data, and control

System software

A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system

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MPU-Based Time and Temperature System

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MCU-Based Systems
Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip Buses are generally not available to a system designer I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions
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MCU-Based Time and Temperature System

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Computer Architectures
Princeton versus Harvard Architecture CISC versus RISC processors Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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