Stress Analysis Methods

Effective Cross-Section
1. It is common practice to use the simplified beam theory
in calculating the stresses in the skin and stringers of a
fuselage structure.
2. If the fuselage is pressurized, the internal pressure loads
should also be included.
3. In fuselages, the skin in curved. The curves sheet panels
have a higher critical compressive buckling stress than
flat panels of the same size and thickness.
Stress Analysis Methods Effective
Cross-Section
A distributed stringer type of fuselage section is shown below. Assume that the external loads are
applied which provide bending of the beam about the z-axis with compression on the upper
portion of the cell.




Up to the point of buckling of the curved sheet
between the skin stringers all the material in the
beam section can be considered and the bending
stress can be computed.
In the compression side When a curved sheet
between the stringers buckles, the stresses are
redistributed on the section as a whole.
Stress Analysis Methods tension side
The bending stresses can be computed from
the general flexural formula:


I
y
-centroidal moment of inertia of the entire seccion



y

y
Stress Analysis Methods
compression side
The Ultimate compressive strength of a curved sheet with edge stringers
can be approximated by following two assumptions.
1. A Small width of sheet w
1
on each side of the attachment line of skin
to stringer is considered as carrying the same compressive stress as
the stringer.
2. The remainder of the curved sheet between stringers, namely,
b-(w
1
+w2) carries a maximum compressive stress
cr=0.3Et / r

E = Modulus of Elasticity of the Skin material.
t = Skin thickness.
r = Radius of Curvature of the skin.

Stress Analysis Methods
compression side
The thin curved skin between the stringers normally buckles under a compressive stress far
below the buckling strength of the stringer. Hence the curved sheet is treated as an element
with varying effective thickness.

effective sheet thickness:




effective area:

t
e
t

cr

e
b' t
e
( )
Example 20.4
Problem statement:
determine the stringer arrangement for approximate elliptical shape

Design conditions:
M
y
=1,600,000 lb-in
S
uc
=32,000 psi
E=10,300,000 psi
Skin thickness=.032in

Stringer
D=1in
A
s
=.12in
2



The first step
determine approximately how many zee stringers will be required using the concept of The
internal resisting moment must equal the external bending moment.









*part of this total area is provide by the efective
skin area.

max comp

max tension
Z
H
F
c
F
t
F
t

t
A
t
( )


max tension
2

A
t
F
c

c
A
c
( )


max comp
2

A
c
M
r
F
c
(Z)
avg
(A
c
)Z
M
y

2
3

(.75H)A
c
A
c

M
y
2
3

(.75H)

1, 600, 000
2 32, 000
3

.75 50
( )
2in
2
First step
The effective width to use with each rivet line:
*since the bending stress decreases to 0 has approa-
ched the N/A. and the curve sheet can take load
up to its buckling strength
We use a preliminary of effective width:


The total effective area:


w
e
Ct
E

st
30.5t
w
e
40t
A
c
N A
st+skin
( )
N A
s
+wt
( )
N(.12+40t
2
)
A
c
N(.16)
N
A
c
.16

2in
2
.16in
2
12.5 12 stringers
Preliminary arrangement
Z
2
Z
6
Z
20
Trial 1
Searching for maximum compressive stress near but no over 32.000 psi
The procedure from this point is trial and error

Trial No.1 assumptions:
1. 30 thickness of skin act with the stringer in the compressive side.
2. The area of the skin between the stringer is modifide to give and effective area by
multipliying by a factor k .

Trial 1
Stringer and effective sheet element:
Trial 1
Curve buckled sheet:
Trial 2
Trial 2
calculacion
Bending stress of the stringer 2 using the resulting moment of inertia and N/A of trial 2:




Shear strees in the skin at N/A

b

M
y
Z
( )
I
y

(1, 600, 000)(27.45)

(1489)
29, 500psi
ms
S
uc

1
32, 000
29, 500

18%
the shear flow equation:
q=q
0

V
z
I
y

az
since q
0
0 at the N/A
q 0
V
z
1489

19.67
( )
.0132V
z

max

q
t

.413V
z

avg

V
z
2ht

.312V
z
for this shape the shear stress maximum is:
.413
.312

times the shear average