System Muscular

Tipe jaringan otot

Otot Rangka

Menempel pada tulang Multiple nukleus Lurik, sadar dan tak sadar (reflek) Dinding organ dalam, pembuluh darah, mata, kelenjar, kulit Nukleus single, terletak pada pusat Tidak lurik/polos, tak sadar Pada jantung Nukleus single, terletak pada pusat Lurik, tak sadar
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Otot Polos

Otot Jantung

Muscular System Functions

Body movement Maintenance of posture Respiration Production of body heat Communication Constriction of organs and vessels Heart beat
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Sifat otot

Dapat berkontraksi

Ability of a muscle to shorten with force

Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree

Dapat dieksitasi

Dapat diregangkan

Elastis

Ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched

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Organization I:

Structure & organizational level of Skeletal Muscle

Chapter 4

Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit

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THE SKELETAL MUSCLE

Chapter 4

Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fiber

Sel ototMuscle fiber sel yang memanjang silindris, terdiri dari Sarcolemma = membran plasma Sarcoplasma = cytoplasma glycogen & myoglobulin organel nukleus mitokondria sarcoplasmic reticulum = RE superorganel MYOFIBRIL terdiri dari myofilamen tipis dan myofilamen tebal
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Z line

Z line

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THE SARCOMERE

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Myofilamen tebal (Myosin)

Mengandung protein yang disebut myosin.

o emo in n ys mle u o c le

mo inh a s y s ed ( r s bid e ) co s r g s

mo inta y s ils

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Myofilamen tipis (Actin)

Filamen tipis mengandung protein

Actin Tropomiosin troponin

a or cn tm i o nm e s
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t oi rm oo ps y n
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Muscle Physiology

Muscles consist of many muscle fibers (cells) connected in bundles Muscle fibers are made up of myofibrils Strength training akan meningkatkan jumlah myofibril dan ukuran otot = hypertrophy Penurunan jumlah myofibril dan ukuran otot = atrophy

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Jenis fiber otot

Slow-twitch fibers otot tipe lambat

Tahan lelah Kontraksi tidak secepat dan sekuat otot tipe cepat Bergantung pada sistem energi oksidatif Kontraksi cepat dan kuat Cepat lelah Lebih bergantung pada sistem energi nonoksidatif

Fast-twitch fibers otot tipe cepat

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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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The Motor Unit

Back muscles
1:100 Finger muscles

1:10
Eye muscles 1:1

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WHAT HAPPEN AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION?

RELEASE OF ACh BREAKDOWN OF ACh

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Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Mechanism

1. 2.

Neuron motorik melepaskan asetilkolin pada neuro-muscular junction Terjadi potensial aksi akibat ikatan antara reseptor-asetilkolin
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Figure 12-11a: Excitation-contraction coupling

Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Mechanism

3. Potensial aksi bergerak sepanjang t-tubulus 4. Potensial aksi menyebabkan saluran Ca 2+ terbuka, ion Ca masuk kedalam sitoplasma 5. Ion Ca terikat pada troponin., ikatan molekul aktin dan miosin bertambah kuat
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Figure 12-11b: Excitation-contraction coupling

AP & MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Troponin has binding sites for 1)G actin

2)Tropomyosin
3)Ca2+

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Energy for Contraction: ATP & Phosphocreatine

Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen Glucose Fatty acids 30-32 ATPs Fast but 2 ATP/glucose

Anaerobic Respiration

Phosphocreatine ATPs
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Muscle Fatigue: Causes not well known

Central

"Feeling" Lactic acid Glycogen depletion Ca2+ interference High Pi levels ECF high K+ ACh depletion
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Peripheral

Figure 12-14: Locations and possible causes of muscle fatigue

Physiological Effects of Strength Training

Meningkatkan massa dan ukuran otot Meningkatkan penggunaan dan koordinasi motor unit Meningkatkan kekuatan tendon, ligamen dan tulang Meningkatkan cadangan energi dan suplai darah ke otot Memperbaiki kadar lemak darah dan proses biokimia

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Tipe kontraksi otot

Kontraksi isometrik = kontraksi otot tanpa perubahan panjang otot Kontraksi isotonik = kontraksi otot yang menyebabkan perubahan panjang otot

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Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

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Awas : Suplemen dan obat otot

Suplemen yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan otot

Anabolic steroids Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) Growth hormone Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) Beta-agonists Protein, amino acid, and polypeptide supplements and socalled metabolic optimizing meals

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Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Liver damage and tumors Reduced HDL High blood pressure, heart disease, cancer Depressed immune function Psychological disturbances Depressed sperm and testosterone production; breast development in males Masculinization in women and children Premature closure of bone growth centers
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Awas : Suplemen dan obat otot

Suplemen yang digunakan untuk mempercepat penyembuhan

Creatine monohydrate Chromium picolinate

Suplemen yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan intensitas latihan dan tidak mudah lelah

Amphetamines Caffeine

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Awas : Suplemen dan obat otot

Suplemen untuk meningkatkan ketahanan Erythropoietin Darbepoetien Suplemen untuk kontrol berat badan Diethylpropion, phentermine Caffeine, PPA, ephedra Dinitrophenol Diuretics

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Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle

Aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass

Rate increases after 50 years of age

Regular exercise training can improve strength and endurance

Cannot completely eliminate the age-related loss in muscle mass

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Chapter 4

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nc i s e ule trips

mo rils yfib

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Chapter 4

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