ADVANCED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Report by: Von Jaryd Dinglasan MAEd in Psychology

 The

dissolution of a marriage contracted between a man and a woman, by the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction by an act of the legislature. It is so called from the diversity of the minds of those who are married; because such as are divorced go each a different way from the other.

 Divorces

are of two kinds: 1. a vinculo matrimonii, which dissolves and totally severs the marriage tie; and Lat. 'from the bond of marriage'. 2. a mensa et thoro, which merely separates the parties. Lat. 'from bed and board'

vinculo matrimonii Ex. in Pennsylvania, on the ground of canonical disabilities before marriage, as that one of the parties was legally married to a person who was then living; impotence, and the like adultery cruelty and malicious desertion for two years or more.

 mensa

et thoro Ex. A divorce a mensa et thoro, is rather a separation of the parties by act of law, than a dissolution of the marriage. It may be granted for the causes of extreme cruelty or desertion of the wife by the husband. This kind of divorce does not affect the legitimacy of children, nor authorize a second marriage

 In

the 1530s, Henry VIII decided that he wished to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, on the grounds of affinity; In 1533 Thomas Cranmer was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury and he declared that Henry's marriage to Catherine was void, effectively bastardizing their daughter Mary (later Mary I). In 1536 Cranmer similarly declared Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn void, most probably due to Henry's pervious relationship with Anne's sister Mary Boleyn. (england)

1. the emotional divorce, which focuses on deterioration of sharing thoughts and feelings; 2. the legal divorce, which focuses on the legal arena; 3. the economic divorce, which has to do with money and property;

4. the co-parental divorce, which deals with custody and visitation rights; 5. the community divorce, which involves a change is social groups, friendships, and community relationships, and 6. the psychological divorce, in which the individuals try to work towards being single again and gaining individual autonomy.

CAUSES OF DIVORCE
Extra-marital

affairs 27% Family strains - 18% Emotional/physical abuse - 17% Mid-life crisis - 13% Addictions - 6% Workaholism - 6%

 Religious/cultural

attitudes to divorce Many countries in Europe, such as France prohibited divorce as it was not condoned by the Catholic church. In Islam divorce is allowed, although discouraged, and either partner can decide to have a no-fault divorce. Judaism recognized the concept of "no-fault" divorce thousands of years ago. Judaism generally maintains that it is better for a couple to divorce than to remain together in a state of constant bitterness and strife.

 Social

and family issues Women are generally the financial victims of divorce due to the lack of equal pay for equal work in many countries and the fact that many women give up employment after marriage to bring up children Men are generally the financial victims of divorce due to court-ordered alimony and child support which women often are not required to pay, and the fact that many men are entirely denied custody of their own children.

Annulment -is a legal proceeding to obtain a decree that the marriage was invalid from the very beginning -doesnt consider other factors -the court tries to restore the original financial state of the parties (before the marriage) - marriages of short duration -include misrepresentation or fraud, concealment, inability to consummate the marriage, misunderstanding, etc.

Divorce -is initiated to end a valid marriage -take into consideration other factors like: alimony, division of property, child custody, etc. - the court tries to divide marital property equitably -long standing marriages -grounds for divorce include cruelty, adultery, desertion, physical inability to consummate marriage, infidelity, abandonment, bigamy, etc

What are the grounds for annulment? 1. Lack of parental consent in certain cases. 2. Insanity. 3. Fraud. Fraud includes: (i) non-disclosure of a previous conviction by final judgment of the other party of a crime involving moral turpitude; (ii) concealment by the wife of the fact that at the time of the marriage, she was pregnant by a man other than her husband; (iii) concealment of sexually transmissible disease or STD, or homosexuality or lesbianism existing at the time of the marriage. 4. Force, intimidation or undue influence. 5. Impotence.

Divorce was allowed under the Divorce Law of 1917 (Act No. 2710) and during the Japanese occupation, pursuant to Executive Order No. 141 (1943). It is not really accurate to say that there is absolutely no divorce in the Philippines. Under Presidential Decree No. 1083, also known as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines, divorce is allowed in certain instances, but this law applies only when both parties are Muslims, or wherein only the male party is a Muslim and the marriage is solemnized in accordance with Muslim law in any part of the Philippines.

5 grounds for the termination of marriage if the spouses are already separated de facto (in practice, but not necessarily ordained by law) for 5 years and reconciliation is highly improbable; if the spouses are already legally separated for 2 years; if the marriage is no longer working; if one or both spouses have psychological incapacity; or if spouses have irreconcilable differences resulting to irreparable breakdown of the marriage.

 PARENTAL

LOSS-- divorce often results in the loss of contact with one parent and with this loss children also lose the knowledge, skills and resources (emotional, financial, etc.) of that parent. ECONOMIC LOSS-- another result of divorce is that children living in single parent families are less likely to have as many economic resources as children living in intact families.
Paul Amato (1993) and Kelly and Emery (2003)

 MORE

LIFE STRESS-- divorce often results in many changes in children's living situations such as changing schools, child care, homes, etc. Children often also have to make adjustments to changes in relationships with friends and extended family members. These changes create a more stressful environment for children. POOR PARENTAL ADJUSTMENT-- generally how children fare in families is due in part to the mental health of the parents, this is likely to be true for children in divorced families as well.

LACK OF PARENTAL COMPETENCE-- much of what happens to children in general is related to the skill of parents in helping them develop. The competence of parents following divorce is likely to have considerable influence on how the children are doing. EXPOSURE TO CONFLICT BETWEEN PARENTS-conflict is frequently part of families and may be especially common in families that have undergone divorce. The degree to which children are exposed to conflict may have substantial effects on children's well-being.

 family

relationship - (anthropology) relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption A family in any society consists of an inherited group of people who are related with by birth or marriage. It is a relation between parents and children, relations between spouses or between grand parents and grandson.

 Good

family relationships are vital for the development of child's personality. Developing healthy relation is in the hand of family members. Their habits, way of working, problem solving approach all together makes a home haven or hell. All of us want home to be a place where we can relax and be ourselves, and recover from the conflicts of the external world.

The social psychology of family relations is largely concerned with the initiation, development, and deterioration of close relationships . The nature of these relationships may take many forms but typically involves individuals who view themselves as a unit with a long-term commitment to continue their relationship. Traditionally, at least in Western societies, families are defined in terms of two parents living together with responsibility for rearing their children. In fact, these so-called nuclear families are unique in many respects.

 The

traditional regime of the Filipino family has been written about before (Mendez and Jocano 1974; Medina 1995; Miralao 1997). Filipinos trace their family relations bilaterally through the mothers' and fathers' lines. Relations between husbands and wives, and between men and women generally, tend to be more egalitarian in the Philippines than in many other cultures and societies.

 This

may be because the Philippines was a matrilineal society before being colonized by Spain (15651898) and the United States (18981946). The precolonial family line was traced through the female side of the family, while males inherited their political titles and followings from their mother's brother.

The close relationships between brothers and sisters, husbands and wives, and men and women in general, are typically filled with dignity, protectiveness, and respect.

According to Paz Policarpio Mendez and F. Landa Jocano (1974), the traditional Filipino family acknowledges the importance of both consanguineal (blood) and affinal (marriage) ties. Ritual kinship in terms of godparents is recognized as being special because it is embedded in the Filipino community, although the Spanish introduced the practice. Consanguineal or biological ties, however, remain by far the most important relations. The blood bond is so close that even distant relatives are recognized.

Mendez and Jocano found that some rural Filipinos, when choosing friends and possible spouses, carefully examined genealogies to assess virtues and shortcomings because they believed that a person's hereditary character shows. Belen Medina (1995) found that blood bonds are so important, traditionally, that a person can be judged on the basis of who her or his relatives are. It follows that parents and children share an exceptionally strong and intimate bond.

 Gelia

Castillo and Juanito Pua (1963, p. 116) classify the Filipino family as "residentially nuclear but functionally extended." This means that the household tends to be nuclear in form, but the family is extended in so far as relationships among members of the wider kin group are concerned. Members of the same kin group assist one another in times of need, and they participate in joint family activities even if they do not live together in the same household.

 Medina

suggested that by the end of the twentieth century, the Filipino nuclear family household was more commonly found in the rural areas than in the cities. This is because it is quite expensive for a typical Filipino family or single person, starting a new life in the city, to rent, build, or purchase a home right away. It is much easier for a family to construct a dwelling made of light materials such as bamboo and other natural plants that are freely available in a barrio setting.

 Also,

in rural communities, kin members can build their household dwellings close to each other, which may not be possible in the city. Moreover, Filipinos who move away to study or work in cities, locally and abroad, tend to stay with their more affluent relatives, and this increases the size of the family household.

 Familism

and personalism are all-pervasive in Philippine society. Filipinos typically try to make their friendships into family-like relationships that are mutually supportive. They prefer to have smooth interpersonal relationships with one another and go out of their way to create an atmosphere in which the people around them feel comfortable and accepted.

 Filipino

parents consider it their duty to provide for the material and educational needs of their children. Children, in turn, are expected to obey and respect their parents and to take care of their parents when they grow old. Also, older children, until they marry and have families of their own, are expected to help younger siblings with school, and to assist them in getting a job after graduation.

 Beginning

in the 1970s, the Philippine government implemented an overseas employment program to absorb the increasing numbers of Filipino workers. This has led to new conceptualizations of the Filipino family and changing gender roles, as many married females have decided to migrate abroad to work, and their husbands stay home to care for the children.

 Today,

most Filipino families are maintaining and reproducing transnational household connections and networks. The Filipino family continues to be adaptive and functional in these new and changing circumstances.

Non-verbal

communicationincludes facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body posture and motions, and positioning within groups. It may also include the way we wear our clothes or the silence we keep.

Categories and Features G. W. Porter

Physical.

This is the personal type of communication. It includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and body motions. Aesthetic. This is the type of communication that takes place through creative expressions: playing instrumental music, dancing, painting and sculpturing.

 Signs.

This is the mechanical type of communication, which includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, horns, and sirens. Symbolic. This is the type of communication that makes use of religious, status, or ego-building symbols.

Types of nonverbal communication and body language Facial expressions The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.

 Body

movements and posture Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.

 Gestures

Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when were arguing or speaking animatedlyexpressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so its important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation.

 Eye

contact Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other persons response.

 Touch

We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a firm handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring pat on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your arm.

 Space

Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy, aggression, dominance, or affection.

 Voice

We communicate with our voices, even when we are not using words. Nonverbal speech sounds such as tone, pitch, volume, inflection, rhythm, and rate are important communication elements. When we speak, other people read our voices in addition to listening to our words. These nonverbal speech sounds provide subtle but powerful clues into our true feelings and what we really mean. Think about how tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.

Nonverbal communication cues can play five roles: Repetition: they can repeat the message the person is making verbally Contradiction: they can contradict a message the individual is trying to convey Substitution: they can substitute for a verbal message. For example, a person's eyes can often convey a far more vivid message than words and often do

 Complementing:

they may add to or complement a verbal message. A boss who pats a person on the back in addition to giving praise can increase the impact of the message Accenting: they may accent or underline a verbal message. Pounding the table, for example, can underline a message.

Its not what you say, its how you say it Intensity. A reflection of the amount of energy you project is considered your intensity. Again, this has as much to do with what feels good to the other person as what you personally prefer. Timing and pace. Your ability to be a good listener and communicate interest and involvement is impacted by timing and pace. Sounds that convey understanding. Sounds such as ahhh, ummm, ohhh, uttered with congruent eye and facial gestures, communicate understanding and emotional connection. More than words, these sounds are the language of interest, understanding and compassion.

These emotional face expressions are: Happiness Sadness Fear Disgust Surprise Anger

 Interpreting

nonverbal communications