MOTION

INTRODUCTION
First of all before knowing what is motion we should know what are the basic terms in physics related to motions. These will help us to know physics and motion better as these terms are the roots of a tree called motion.

WHAT IS POINT SIZE OBJECT???

A point size object is one which do not have linear dimensions but posses mass. Actually, there is no such thing in nature as an object without extension. The concept of a particle or a point object is very useful because real objects often behave to a great extent, like particles. A body need not be 'small' in the usual sense of the word, in order to be treated as a particle. For example, if we consider the distance from the Earth to the sun, with respect to the distance between them, both the Earth and the sun can be treated as particles or point objects. We can find out a great deal about the motion of the sun, planets and other celestial bodies, without appreciable error, by treating these bodies as particles. Moreover, any object can be treated as a point object if it covers distances which are much greater in comparison to its size. A cricket ball moving in a field and a train covering hundreds of kilometers, are some examples.

WHAT IS REST ???

A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position of rest to the surroundings with passage of time For example, a train decelerates on approach to a station and eventually stops alongside the platform. The train can be said to be at rest with respect to the station or just at rest, since in practice we do not need to specify the frame of reference if it is obvious from the context. In fact, there is nothing at absolute rest. For example the earth is rotating around the sun which is rotating around the galaxy and so on. The concept of relative rest is closely linked to that of inertial observers and the statement that nothing is at absolute rest is loosely equivalent to stating that there are no frames of reference which are truly inertial. So called non inertial observers are is dealt with in the theory of general relativity.

Object at rest
As you can see this dog is not changing its position from rest with passage of time so, this dog is at rest.

WHAT IS MOTION???
In physics, motion is A change in position of an object with respect to time. Motion is typically described in terms of velocity, acceleration, displacement, and time. Motion is observed by attaching A frame of reference to A body and measuring its change in position relative to another reference frame. A body which does not move is said to be at rest, motionless, immobile, stationary, or to have constant (time-invariant) position. An object's motion cannot change unless it is acted upon by A force, as described by Newton's first law. An object's momentum is directly related to the object's mass and velocity, and the total momentum of all objects in A closed system (one not affected by external forces) does not change with time, as described by the law of conservation of momentum. As there is no absolute frame of reference, absolute motion cannot be determined. Thus, everything in the universe can be considered to be moving. More generally, the term motion signifies a continuous change in the configuration of a physical system. For example, one can talk about motion of A wave or A quantum particle (or any other field) where the configuration consists of probabilities of occupying specific positions.

Object in motion
As you can see the man is changing its position from rest to motion with passage of time so, the man is at motion

EXAMPLE :
When an athlete is running on the ground then he is continuously changing his position with respect to the audience who are sitting at rest. We are continuously changing our position since morning till night with respect to earth which is at rest. The earth is continuously changing position with respect to sun which is at rest.

WHAT ARE SCALER AND VECTOR QUANTIDITY???

SCALER QUANTIDITY Those quantidities which has only magnitude but no direction are called scalar quantidity For example the arrows below has only magnitude but no direction. Their magnitude is 6 cm. VECTOR QUANTIDITY Those quantidities which has both magnitude and direction are called vector quantidities. For example the arrows below has both magnitude and direction. Their magnitude is 6 cm and direction is south

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT.....

Distance It is defined as the actual path travelled by a body It is a scalar quantidity It can never be negative or zero It may be equal or greater than displacement It never decreases with time SI unit is m Displacement It is defined as the shortest distance between two bodies It is a vector quantidity It can be positive , negative or zero It may be equal or less than distance It decreases with time SI unit is m

MORE ABOUT DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

MORE ABOUT DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

Here is another example

B
3m

4m

5m

You walk from A to B to C. Your distance traveled is 7m Your displacement form A is 5 m

 Speed may be defined as the ratio of the distance travelled by a body to the time taken to do so. Mathematically it may be expressed as distance/time The SI unit of speed is m/s

SPEED

TYPES OF SPEED
UNIFORM SPEED
If an object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, we can say that the object is moving with a uniform speed. E.g. consider an object moving along straight line. Let it travel 5 m in the first second, 5 m more in the next second, 5 m in the third second and 5 m in the fourth second. In this case, the object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time so we can say that the object is moving with a uniform speed.

TYPES OF SPEED
VARIABLE OR NON-UNIFORM SPEED If a body covers unequal distances in equal interval of time or equal distances in unequal interval of time is said to be variable or non uniform speed.
E.g. consider an object moving along straight line. Let it travel 5 m in the first second, 15 m more in the next 2 seconds, 2 m in the fourth second and 7 m in the next 3 second. In this case, the object covers unequal distance in unequal intervals of time so we can say that the object is moving with a non uniform speed.

 Velocity may be defined as ratio of displacement to the time taken for displacement. Mathematically it may be expressed as displacement/time The SI unit of velocity is m/s.

VELOCITY

TYPES OF VELOCITY
Constant Velocity An object with a constant velocity does not change in speed or direction. The only objects that qualify as moving at a constant velocity are ones that move in a straight line at a steady speed. Comets and asteroids outside the solar system that are not under the influence of outside forces are examples of objects that move with a constant velocity.

TYPES OF VELOCITY
Changing Velocity
Objects with changing velocity exhibit a change in speed or direction over a period of time. Changes in the velocity of objects are measured as acceleration. Objects with a constant speed and a changing direction are also accelerating. Comets and asteroids located within the solar system are examples of objects with changing velocity since their speed or direction is influenced by gravity.

TYPES OF VARIABLE VELOCITIES

AVERAGE VELOCITY
It is defined as the total distance travelled by a body to the total time taken to do so.

INSTANTANIOUS VELOCITY
It is the velocity of a body at any given instant of time.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPEED AND VELOCITY

SPEED It is defined as rate of change of distance It is a scalar quantidity It can never be zero or negative Speed is velocity without direction Speed may not or may be equal to velocity VELOCITY It is defined as rate of change of displacement It is a vector quantidity It can be positive , negitive or zero It is directed speed A body may posses different velocities but same speed

What is uniform motion???

A motion is said to be uniform motion if it covers equal displacement in equal interval of time.

Velocity (m/s)

Uniform motion
As you can see the car is moving at uniform speed as it covers equal distance in equal interval of time.

LET US KNOW
Let us first of all know some of the symbols used in physics. u = initial velocity v = final velocity s = distance a = acceleration t = time

ACCELERATION
Acceleration may be defined as rate of change of velocity. Since, acceleration = rate of change of velocity = change of velocity/time = final velocity initial velocity/time

a = v-u/t

TYPES OF ACCELERATION positive acceleration

When the velocity of body increases with time it is called positive acceleration. Or , Positive Acceleration refers to an object
whose speed increases as it moves away from its original starting position.

TYPES OF ACCELERATION
negative acceleration , retardation or deceleration
Negative Acceleration refers to an object whose speed decreases as it moves away from its original starting position. Actually, that's not entirely correct. Acceleration is a vector quantity and, therefore, depends on direction. If an object is moving in a straight line, in the negative direction, its acceleration is positive if its speed decreases with time and negative if its speed increases with time. Think of it this way: if the acceleration vector is pointed in the same direction as the way an object is moving, the object speeds up. If the acceleration vector is pointed opposite the direction of motion, it slows down.

TYPES OF ACCELERATION
zero acceleration When a body is at rest or is moving with uniform velocity , then it is said to have zero acceleration.

EQUATIONS OF MOTION
There are three equations of motion v = u + at s = ut + at2 v = u2 + 2as u = initial velocity v = final velocity s = distance travelled a = acceleration t = time

 Let us consider a body moving with initial velocity u. After time t sec it acquires the final velocity v and acceleration a. We know, acceleration = change in velocity/time acc = v u/t a/1 = v u/t by cross multiplication we get a x t = (v u) x 1

v = u + at

at = v u or, v = u + at

 Let us consider a body is moving with initial velocity u. after time t sec it covers a distance s meters and acquires acceleration a. From 1st equation of motion v = u + at ------ 1 Average velocity , Vav = u + v/2 ------- 2 We know speed = d/t or s = Vav x t ----- 3 Substituting equation 2 in equation 3 we get S = (u + v/2) x t ------ 4 Substituting equation 1 in equation 4 S = (u + u + at/2) x t S = (2u/2 + at/2) x t S = (u + at/2) x t S = ut + at x t/2

S = ut +

2 at

S = ut + at2

2 V

2 U

+ 2AS

Let us consider a body moving with initial velocity u. After time t sec it acquires final velocity v and covers the distance s meters. From first equation of motion we get v = u + at From second equation of motion we get s = ut + at2 Squaring equations on both sides we get v2 = (u + at)2 v2 = u2 + 2uat + a2t2 v2 - u2 = 2uat + a2t2 V2 u2 = 2a(ut + at2/2) From second equation of motion we get s = ut at2/2 v2 u2 = 2a x s v2 = u2 + 2as

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Distance time graph case 1 for a stationary object When a body is at rest or is stationary then the distance time graph will be a straight line parallel to the axis.

In meters

In seconds

Distance time graph for a stationary object

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Case --2 For uniform velocity When a body is moving with uniform velocity then the distance time graph will be a straight line inclined towards time axis.

Distance time graph for uniform velocity

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Case 3 For uniform acceleration When a body is moving with uniform acceleration then the distance time graph is a curve.

In meters

In seconds

Distance time graph for uniform acceleration

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Velocity time graph Case 1 For uniform velocity When a body is moving with uniform velocity the velocity time graph will be a straight line parallel to the axis.

Velocity time graph for uniform velocity

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Case 2 For uniform acceleration When a body is moving with uniform acceleration ,then the velocity graph is a straight line inclined towards time axis

Velocity time graph for uniform acceleration

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Case 3 For uniform retardation When a body is moving with uniform retardation than the velocity time graph will be a straight line inclined towards velocity axis

Velocity time graph for uniform retardation

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Acceleration time graph Case 1 For a stationary object When a body is stationary or at rest then the acceleration time graph will be a straight line coinciding with time axis.

Acceleration in m/sec2

Time in seconds

Acceleration time graph for a stationary object.

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

Case 2 For uniformly retarded motion When a body is moving with uniform retardation the acceleration time graph will be a straight line parallel to the time axis. This graph will lie below the axis.

Time in seconds x Retardation in m/sec2

-y

Acceleration time graph for uniform retardation

GRAPHS FOR UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

case 3 For uniform acceleration For a uniformly accelerated body the graph will be a straight line parallel to the time axis

Acceleration in m/s2

Time in seconds

Acceleration time graph for uniform acceleration

Made by

THANKY OU
DEEPIKA SHARMA IX TH A