TEMPERATUR TANAH:
KARAKTERISTIK DAN KUALITAS LAHAN
Bahan kajian untuk MK Dasar Ilmu Tanah Dihimpun oleh: Soemarno, Jurusan Tanah, FPUB Oktober 2011
TEMPERATUR TANAH
Temperatur atau Suhu adalah tingkat kemampuan benda dalam memberi atau menerima panas. Suhu seringkali juga dinyatakan sebagai energi kinetis rata-rata suatu benda yang dinyatakan dalam derajat suhu.
Suhu juga dinyatakan sebagai ukuran energi kinetik rata-rata dari pergerakkan molekul suatu benda. Suhu menunjukkan sangkar cuaca yang dipergunakan untuk pengamatan suhu. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan thermometer air raksa dan alkohol. Dengan thermometer air raksa pengukuran dapat dilakukan dari suhu 35o C 350o C, hasilnya adalah cukup bagus karena mengingat angka pengembangan air raksa pada tiap suhu lebih merata dari alkohol, sehingga untuk pengukuran suhu udara biasanya digunakan thermometer air raksa.
Temperatur tanah
Salah satu sifat fisika tanah yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap proses-proses dalam tanah, seperti pelapukan dan penguraian bahan organik dan bahan induk tanah, reaksi-reaksi kimia , dll.
Example of soil moisture and temperature during and after freezing. (Gravimetrically determined v was 11.8 % on day 0 and 11.3% on day 9.) Soil moisture measurement in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica using Hydra soil moisture probes. Aaron M. Wall, Megan R. Balks, Dave I. Campbell and Ron F. Paetzold http://www.regional.org.au/au/asssi/supersoil2004/s15/oral/1502_walla.htm diunduh 15/2/2012
The soil temperature is much less influenced by climatic changes. The graph shows the variation in temperature over a year at different depths (0, 2, 5 and 12 feet). As we can see, the temperature fluctuation decreases with increasing depth. Sumber: http://www.enviroair.ca/en/geothermal.html..... . diunduh 12/2/2012
Depth dependence of annual range of ground temperatures in Ottawa, Canada (Williams and Gold 1976, National Research Council of Canada 2003). Sumber: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/2/4/044001/fulltext/ diunduh 12/2/2012
Definition ofthe Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI). TVDIfor a given pixel (NDVI,Ts) is estimated as the relation between the distance ofthe pixel from the wet edge (TVDI=O) and the spn ofTs in the Ts/NDVI-spacefor the given NDVI (the difference between Ts and the dry edge (TVDI=I) and Ts at the wet edge). SUMBER: http://www.tidsskrift.dk/visning.jsp?markup=&print=no&id=71866 Diunduh 12/2/2012)
5.
Effect of soil temperature on nitrate formation (adapted from Fredereick and Broadbent, 1966). http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/10-22-2001/why50.html diunduh 15/2/2012
Suhu atau temperatur tanah yang ideal untuk pertumbuhan cacing tanah dan penetasan kokonnya berkisar antara 15oC 25oC. Suhu tanah yang lebih tinggi dari 25oC masih cocok untuk cacing tanah, tetapi harus diimbangi dengan kelembapan yang memadai dan naungan yang cukup. Oleh karena itu, cacing tanah biasanya ditemukan hidup dibawah pepohonan atau tumpukan bahan organik.
Termometer Tanah
Used to take temperatures at 5 and 10 cm depths
PVC Spacer
PVC Spacer
If the thermometer reads greater than +0.5 C, check to make sure that there is more ice than water in your icewater bath. If the thermometer reads less than -0.5 C, check to make sure that there is no salt in your ice-water bath.
Pergelik Cryik Frigid Isofrigid Boreal Mesik Isomesik Termik Isotermik Hipertermik Isohipertermi k
Estimasi temperatur berdasarkan ketinggian tempat (elevasi) Di tempat-tempat yang tidak tersedia data temperatur (stasiun iklim terbatas), maka temperatur udara dapat diduga berdasarkan ketinggian tempat (elevasi) dari atas permukaan laut. Pendugaan tersebut dengan menggunakan pendekatan rumus dari Braak (1928) dalam Mohr et al. (1972). Berdasarkan hasil penelitiannya di Indonesia temperatur di dataran rendah (pantai) berkisar antara 25-27C, dan rumus yang dapat digunakan (rumus Braak) adalah sebagai berikut: 26,3C - (0,01 x elevasi dalam meter x 0,6C)
Berdasarkan penelitian Braak tersebut temperatur tanah pada kedalaman 50 cm di Indonesia lebih tinggi 3-4,5C, sehingga untuk menduga temperatur tanah pada kedalaman 50 cm, maka rerata temperatur udara ditambah sekitar 3,5C. Menurut Wambeke et al. (1986) temperatur tanah lebih tinggi 2,5C dari temperatur udara.
Hasil pendugaan temperatur dan ditambah perbedaan temperatur udara dan temperatur tanah tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan rejim temperatur tanah seperti yang ditetapkan dalam Taksonomi Tanah
(Soil Survey Staff, 1992; 1998).
RADIASI MATAHARI
Permukaan bumi merupakan penyerap utama radiasi matahari . Oleh sebab itu permukaan bumi merupakan sumber panas bagi udara di atasnya dan bagi lapisan tanah di bawahnya. Pada siang hari suhu permukaan tanah akan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan suhu pada lapisan tanah yang lebih dalam. Permukaan tanah menyerap radiasi matahari secara langsung pada siang hari, setelah itu panas merambat ke lapisan tanah yang lebih dalam.
Sebaliknya pada malam hari permukaan tanah akan kehilangan panas terlebih dahulu, akibatnya suhu pada permukaan tanah akan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan suhu pada lapisan yang lebih dalam. Pada malam hari panas akan merambat dari lapisan yang lebih dalam menuju permukaan.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
PERPINDAHAN PANAS
Proses perpindahan panas yang terjadi di dalam tanah adalah perpindahan panas secara konduksi. Proses perpindahan panas ini terjadi karena adanya gerakan molekul dalam tanah.
Temperatur adalah suatu pernyataan tentang kinetik energi molekul benda, adanya suatu beda suhu di dalam suatu benda umumnya akan menyebabkan perpindahan energi kinetik oleh banyaknya tumbukan dari molekul-molekul yang bergerak dari daerah yang lebih panas ke daerah sekitarnya yang lebih dingin.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
TRANSFER PANAS Proses stedi (steady;) atau proses takstedi (unsteady) terjadi dalam proses transfer panas. Bilamana laju aliran panas dalam suatu sistem tidak berubah dengan waktu (konstan), maka suhu dititik manapun tidak berubah. Hal ini yang dikatakan kondisi keadaan-stedi. Dengan kondisi keadaan-stedi (steady state), kecepatan fluks-masuk pada titik manapun dari sistem manapun harus tepat sama dengan kecepatan fluks-keluar, dan tidak dapat terjadi perubahan energi-dalam. Aliran panas dalam suatu sistem takstedi terjadi bila suhu diberbagai titik dari sistem tersebut berubah dengan waktu.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
Dengan adanya perubahan suhu, maka akan terjadi perubahan energi dalam. Perubahan kandungan panas dari sebuah permukaan tanah antara permukaan Z1 = 0 dan beberapa kedalaman Z2 diberikan oleh : AS = - (qh2 qh1) q h
z z
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
TRANSFER PANAS
Teori transfer panas dalam tanah telah digunakan untuk menentukan sifat-sifat termal rata-rata dari regim suhu yang diamati, juga untuk pendugaan perubahan harian dan musiman suhu tanah. di alam, tanah yang homogen hanya terdapat pada lapisan-lapisan yang tipis, sehingga suhu tanah umumnya bukanlah fungsi sinus sederhana.
Amplitude of seasonal soil temperature change as a function of depth below ground surface. http://www.builditsolar. com/Projects/Cooling/ EarthTemperatures.htm
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
30 29
Z=0 Cm
Z=5 Cm
28
27 26 25
Z=10 Cm
Z=15 Cm Z=20 Cm Z=25 Cm
24 23
22
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
TEMPERATUR TANAH
Temperatur (suhu) adalah salah satu sifat tanah yang sangat penting secara langsung mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman dan juga terhadap kelembapan, aerasi, stuktur, aktifitas mikroba, dan enzimetik, dekomposisi serasah atau sisa tanaman dan ketersidian hara-hara tanaman.
Tenperatur tanah merupakan salah satu faktor tumbuh tanaman yang penting sebagaimana halnya air, udara dan unsur hara. Proses kehidupan bebijian, akar tanaman dan mikroba tanah secara langsung dipengaruhi oleh temperatur tanah
Hanafiah, Kemas Ali. 2005. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah. PT. Radja Grifindo. Persada. Jakarta.
FAKTOR SUHU TANAH Tentang suhu tanah pengaruhnya penting sekali pada kondisi tanah itu sendiri dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Pengukuran dari suhu tanah biasanya dilakukan pada kedalaman 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, dan 100 cm. Faktor pengaruh suhu tanah yaitu faktor luar dan faktor dalam.
Faktor luar yaitu radiasi matahari, awan, curah hujan, angin, kelembapan udara. Faktor dalamnya yaitu faktor tanah, struktur tanda, kadar iar tanah, kandungan bahan organik, dan warna tanah. Makin tinggi suhu maka semakin cepat pematangan pada tanaman
FLUKTUASI SUHU TANAH Suhu tanah beraneka ragam dengan cara khas pada perhitungan harian dan musiman. Fluktasi terbesar dipermukaan tanah dan akan berkurang dengan bertambahnya kedalaman tanah. Kelembapan waktu musiman yang jelas terjadi, karena suhu tanah musiman lambat bantuk fluktasi suhu pada peralihan suhu diudara atau dibawah tanah yang lebih besar. Suhu total untuk semalam tanaman mungkin terjadi pada tengah hari. Dibawah 6 inch atau 15 inch terdapat variasi harian pada suhu tanah
TEMPERATUR TANAH
Data temperatur tanah dapat dilihat pada Tabel 4 menunjukkan bahwa suhu harian pada permukaan tanah sangat fluktuasi dengan pola mendekati fungsi sinusoidal. Fluktuasi temperatur permukaan tanah dipengaruhi oleh perubahan suhu atmosfir di atas permukaan tanah. Temperatur tanah pada pagi hari relatif kecil, temperatur tanah pada pagi hari di lahan naungan cenderung lebih tinggi daripada di areal lahan tanpa naungan.
PENGARUH IRIGASI DAN NAUNGAN TERHADAP PRODUKSI TANAMAN CABE (Capsicum annum) PADA LAHAN BERPASIR DI PANTAI GLAGAH, YOGYAKARTA Ikhwanuddin Mawardi dan Sudaryono. 2008. J. Hidrosfir Indonesia Vol. 3(1) : 41 -49
SUHU TANAH - KEDALAMAN Pada variasi kedalaman yaitu permukaan tanah, kedalaman 10 cm, 20 cm dan 30 cm, untuk temperatur tanah dalam naungan memiliki temperatur yang tertinggi, sedangkan kedalaman 10 cm mempunyai temperatur tanah terendah. Hal ini disebabkan pada pagi hari permukaan tanah telah menerima pancaran radiasi matahari, tetapi transfer panas belum mencapai kedalaman 10 cm. Temperatur tanah pada kedalaman 30 cm lebih tinggi dibandingkan kedalaman 10 cm dan 20 cm, karena masih menyimpan sebagian energi radiasi matahari yang diterima sehari sebelumnya.
SUHU TANAH SIANG AHRI Temperatur tanah pada siang hari, jika dilihat pada tabel tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa temperatur tanah pada sing hari lebih panas daripada temperatur tanah pada pagi hari. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena pada siang hari radiasi yang diterima oleh permukaan tanah lebih besar. Temperatur tanah pada siang hari di areal lahan dengan memakai naungan lebih tinggi daripada lahan yang tidak memakai naungan.
SUHU TANAH - LAPISAN TANAH Berdasarkan variasi kedalaman, maka permukaan tanah mempunyai temperatur tanah tertinggi, sedangkan kedalaman 30 cm mempunyai temperatur tanah terendah. Jadi pada siang hari temperatur permukaan tanah akan lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan temperatur pada lapisan tanah yang lebih dalam. Hal ini disebabkan karena permukaan tanah menyerap radiasi matahari secara langsung, baru kemudian panas dirambatkan ke lapisan tanah yang lebih dalam secara konduksi.
Soil temperatures over three days at different depths. Sumber: http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/tulips/SoilTempBack.html..... diunduh 12/2/2012
Our goal at UT: Study temporal and spatial relationships between soil temperature and various factors Diurnal and seasonal variation Modify current protocol Other latitudes 2-5 years Study global energy flux. We need soil temperature variations throughout the year, without the confounding influence of diurnal variations. Could we arrive at an algorithm to determine soil temperature at depth from the shallow measurements?
15 Field Sites 2-4 week intervals since 12/2002. Collected within 3 hours of Solar Noon. Each site same time every collection when possible Collected to 1 meter depth at 10cm intervals Temperature (Air and surface included) Wind Speed (1 min average) Moisture (surface also) pH Soil texture Land Cover, Shade Conditions
Yellow Dots Represent Sites. 13, 9, and LEC are also data-logger sites.
Left: cyclic nature of yearly temp and turnover dates is generalized here. Below left: annual change with depth. Below right: relationship between soil moisture and temperature decreases with depth.
Temperature Profile for Several Sites showing spatial variation of temperature during two collection dates in the coldest and warmest months for surface temperature in 2003.
Soil Texture -
Suhu Tanah
Relation of Soil & Air Temp
Net heat absorbed by the Earth = heat lost in form of longwave radiation Photoperiod affected by latitude Soil temp can change by soil depth & time of day
Takes significant air temp changes to change soil temp deeper than 12 (& more than just daily range)
Suhu Tanah
Avg. summer & winter soil temps @ 3 rarely differ by more than 9 F.
Suhu
Tanah
Thermal conductivity increases w/ soil-water content increasing, decreases as air-filled pores increase
Moist soils resist temp change, but conduct heat readily Dry soils change temp faster, but conduct heat poorly
What does this mean for the soil, which is better?
Suhu Tanah
Living w/ Existing Temps
Maximizing seed germination & growth
Wheat 40 to 50 F Corn 50 to 85 F
Freeze/thaw
May cause heaving resulting in death of shallow rooted crops
Suhu tanah
Responsible for bringing stones to the surface in fields Modifying Temp Effects If you have crops that are feasible/profitable to do so Clear plastic surface covers Increases soil temp faster Clear plastic mulches Can speed growth & maturity of sweet corn & strawberries
CIRI-CIRI THERMAL TANAH So, in order to determine the skin temperature of the soil, it is important to understand how heat is transferred upward and and downward through the soil. The important heat transfer mechanism in this problem is conduction. Then, the ground heat flux at any depth in the soil can be given as:
Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics, show that a prognostic equation for the soil temperature can be given by:
(2) where Cg is the soil heat capacity (Cg = soil density, r, times the soil specific heat, c) combining (2) with (1) yields:
Typical values of the mass density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for different materials
SPECIFIC THERMAL MASS THERMAL MATE CONDITI HEAT (c) (J CONDUCTIVI DENSITY (r) DIFFUSIVITY RIAL ON kg-1 K-1 x TY (kg) (W m-3 x 103) (kg m (vg) (m2 s-1 x10-6) 2 K-1) 103) Air 20 Deg C, Still 20 Deg C, Still 0 Deg C, Pure Fresh Old Fresh 0.0012 1.01 0.025 20.5
Water
1.00
4.19
0.57
0.14
Ice
0.92
2.10
2.24
1.16
Dry
1.60
0.89
0.25
0.18
Dry Solid
0.30 2.70
1.92 0.75
0.06 2.90
0.10 1.43
KAPASITAS PANAS VOLUMETRIK Volumetric heat capacity (VHC), also termed volume-specific heat capacity, describes the ability of a given volume of a substance to store internal energy while undergoing a given temperature change, but without undergoing a phase change. It is different from specific heat capacity in that the VHC depends on the volume of the material, while the specific heat is based on the mass of the material (or occasionally the molar quantity of the material).
If given a specific heat value of a substance, one can convert it to the VHC by multiplying the specific heat by the density of the substance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh 5/2/2012
KAPASITAS PANAS
Dulong and Petit predicted in 1818 that the product of solid substance density and specific heat capacity (cp) would be constant for all solids. This amounted to a prediction that volumetric heat capacity in solids would be constant.
This quantity was proportional to the heat capacity per atomic weight (or per molar mass), which suggested that it is the heat capacity per atom (not per unit of volume) which is closest to being a constant in solids. Eventually (see the discussion in heat capacity) it has become clear that heat capacities per particle for all substances in all states are the same, to within a factor of two, so long as temperatures are not in the cryogenic range. For very cold temperatures, heat capacities fall drastically and eventually approach zero as temperature approaches zero.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh 5/2/2012
. KONDUKTIVITAS THERMAL Thermal conductivity, k, is the property of a material's ability to conduct heat. It appears primarily in Fourier's Law for heat conduction. Heat transfer across materials of high thermal conductivity occurs at a higher rate than across materials of low thermal conductivity. Correspondingly materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation. Thermal conductivity of materials is temperature dependent. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is thermal resistivity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh 5/2/2012
At soil depths greater than 30 feet below the surface, the soil temperature is relatively constant, and corresponds roughly to the water temperature measured in groundwater wells 30 to 50 feet deep. This is referred to as the mean earth temperature.
The amplitude of seasonal changes in soil temperature on either side of the mean earth temperature depends on the type of soil and depth below the ground surface. In Virginia the amplitude of soil temperature change at the ground surface is typically in the range of 20-25F, depending on the extent and type of vegetation cover. At depths greater than about 30 feet below the surface, however, the soil temperature remains relatively constant throughout the year, as shown in Figure 3, below.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh 5/2/2012
Vertical closed-loop earth heat exchangers are installed in boreholes 200 to 300 feet deep, where seasonal changes in soil temperature are completely damped out. Well-based open-loop systems also extend to this depth or deeper. These ground loop configurations are thus exposed to a constant yearround temperature. On the other hand, horizontal-loop, spiral-loop, and horizontal direct-expansion (DX) loops are installed in trenches that usually are less than 10 feet deep. For these types of ground loops, it is important to accurately know the expected seasonal changes in the surrounding soil temperature.
The extra cost of installing such systems in deeper trenches may be outweighed by the gain in thermal performance, since deeper soils have less pronounced seasonal temperature changes and are thus closer to room temperature, which reduces the work load of the heat pump units.
. http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh 5/2/2012
In order to determine the optimal depth of burial, it is important to accurately know how the seasonal change in soil temperature varies with depth, which is mainly determined by the soil's thermal properties.
. Seasonal soil temperature change as a function of depth below ground surface for an average moist soil.
KONDUKTIVITAS THERMAL
(KT) Thermal conductivity is another soil property that must be known in order to design a closed-loop or direct expansion GHP system. This indicates the rate at which heat will be transferred between the ground loop and the surrounding soil for a given temperature gradient. The thermal conductivity of the soil and rock is the critical value that determines the length of pipe required, which in turn affects the installation cost as well as the energy requirements for pumping working fluid through the ground loop.
KT - TANAH BERAGAM DENGAN TEKSTURNYA. Heat transfer capability tends to increase as soil texture becomes increasingly fine, with loam mixtures having an intermediate value between sand and clay. As also shown in this figure, the thermal conductivity of any soil greatly improves if the soil is saturated with water. This effect is much greater for sandy soils than for clay or silt, since coarse soils are more porous and therefore hold more water when wet.
KONDUKTIVITAS PANAS
The soil thermal conductivity has a significant impact on the size of the earth-coupled heat exchanger. Thus in sandy soils for example the required length of the ground loop could be as low as 200 feet per system ton if the soil is saturated with water, or as high as 300 feet per ton if the soil is dry.
Soil thermal conductivity is of even greater importance to DX systems and designers might consider the deployment of a soaker hose for horizontal DX ground loops in dry areas or if the project site is higher than the sounding terrain. The maps presented in the next section below enable rough estimates of soil properties for regional screening purposes, but any sort of detailed feasbility assessment or design study should engage a contractor for in-situ soil thermal conductivity testing. The range in ground loop lengths over the typcial range of soil thermal conductivities is 200 to 300 feet per system ton, which translates into a 30-50% difference in required land area, and a 10-20% difference in total system capital cost. In-situ conductivity testing minimizes the uncertainty in estimating this key thermal property and avoids undersizing or oversizing the ground loop.
Thermal conductivity influence on number of boreholes and total length of the earth-coupled heat exchanger per 10 tons of load for a vertical closedloop GHP system.
SUHU TANAH
Amplitude: Amplitude is a parameter characterizing the annual variation of soil temperature around an average value. If the variation in temperature within a day is averaged out over many years, the annual amplitude is one-half the difference between this annual averaged maximum and annual averaged minimum temperatures within a year.
Damping depth: Damping depth is a constant characterizing the decrease in amplitude with an increase in distance from the soil surface. It is defined as (2Dh/w)1/2, where D h is the thermal diffusivity and w is the frequency of a temperature fluctuation. For annual fluctuation w =2 p /365 d-1. Thermal diffusivity: Thermal diffusivity is the change in temperature produced in a unit volume by the quantity of heat flowing through the volume in unit time under a unit temperature gradient. It can be calculated from thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity. Time lag: Time lag is the number of days from an arbitrary starting date to the occurrence of the minimum temperature in a year.
Soil temperature fluctuates annually and daily affected mainly by variations in air temperature and solar radiation.
The annual variation of daily average soil temperature at different depths can be estimated using a sinusoidal function (Hillel, 1982; Marshall and Holmes, 1988; Wu and Nofziger, 1999). This program estimates daily soil temperatures and displays these values as functions of time or depth for user defined input parameters.
where T(z,t) is the soil temperature at time t (d) and depth z (m), T a is the average soil temperature (oC), A0 is the annual amplitude of the surface soil temperature (oC), d is the damping depth (m) of annual fluctuation and t0 is the time lag (days) from an arbitrary starting date (taken as January 1 in this software) to the occurrence of the minimum temperature in a year. The damping depth is given by d = (2D h/w )1/2, where Dh is the thermal diffusivity and w = 2 p /365 d-1 .
http://soilphysics.okstate.edu/software/SoilTemperature/documen t.pdf . DIUNDUH 5/2/2012
MODEL SINUS VARIASI SUHU TANAH Assumptions and Simplifications The sinusoidal temperature model was derived by solving the following partial differential equation ( Hillel, 1982 ; Marshall and Holmes, 1988):
where T(z,t) is the soil temperature at time t and depth z and Dh is the thermal diffusivity.
where Ta is the average soil temperature, A0 is the amplitude of the annual temperature function, t0 a time lag from an arbitrary starting date (selected as January 1 in this software) to the occurrence of the minimum temperature in a year. 2. At infinite depth, the soil temperature is constant and is equal to the average soil temperature. 3. The thermal diffusivity is constant throughout the soil profile and throughout the year.
http://soilphysics.okstate.edu/software/SoilTemperature/documen t.pdf . DIUNDUH 5/2/2012
Measured mean and predicted soil temperatures at four depths based on measured soil surface temperatures.
Konduktivitas dan difusivitas thermal tanah: Dipengaruhi kadar air, kadaungan liat, dan bobot isi tanah.
Volumetric heat capacity for three bulk densities for soils whose thermal conductivity and diffusivity.
http://www.usyd.edu.au/agric/web04/Temperature%20Waves_final.htm
http://www.usyd.edu.au/agric/web04/Temperature%20Waves_final.htm. http://www.dannylipford.com/how-to-measure-soil-temperature-for-planting/
TERMOMETER TANAH
You can purchase a simple soil thermometer at your local garden center for just a few dollars.
The most economical ones are glass bulb thermometers with a strong metal point. However, any thermometer will do, as long as it measures temperatures down to freezing (medical thermometers usually dont go low enough).
Influence of soil temperature on nitrification. Ammonium sulfate nitrification after 24 days. Soils held at either constant temperature (80, 60, or 40F) for 24 days, or the temperature varied (between 80, 60, and 40F sequences) by 8- or 12-day intervals over the 24 days. Adapted from Chandra, P. 1962. Note on the effect of shifting temperatures on nitrification in a loam soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 42:314-315.
Temperature Sequence Continuous at 80F for 24 days 12 Days at 80F-12 days at 40F 8 Days at 80F-8 days at 60F-8 days at 40F 12 Days at 40F-12 days at 80F Continuous at 60F for 24 days 8 Days at 60F-8 days at 80F-8 days at 40F 8 Days at 40F-8 days at 60F-8 days at 80F Continuous at 40F for 24 days
% Nitrification 100 96 74 62 59 56 45 29
Make a Pilot Hole: Use a screwdriver to make a pilot hole so that you dont break your thermometer by pushing it into hard soil. Follow Directions: Refer to your thermometer package for specific instructions. With most glass bulb thermometers, make sure it is firmly touching the soil, and allow a few minutes for the temperature to register.
Provide Shade: If the sun is bright, shade the thermometer with your hand to keep the reading accurate. Multiple Measurements: Take a reading in the morning and late afternoon, then average the two numbers. If youre seeding a lawn, take readings on all four sides of your house, since some areas warm more quickly than others. Check Reading: To double-check, refer to these handy Soil Temperature Maps from Greencast for a comparison with your soil reading.
SUHU TANAH PERKECAMBAHAN BENIH The soil temperature for planting vegetables should be: 40 F or warmer: Lettuce, kale, peas, spinach. 50 F or warmer: Onions, leeks, turnips, Swiss chard. 60 F or warmer: Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots, beans, beets. 70 F or warmer: Tomatoes, squash, corn, cucumbers, melons, peppers. The seed germination temperature is often much warmer than the plants growing temperature. Once established, many veggies can handle much cooler air temperatures as long as the soil is warm enough. To get a head start on spring planting, plant seeds indoors or use plastic row covers to warm the soil more quickly.
Temperature has a large influence on rate of seed water uptake, speed of germination, and rate of plant emergence. As temperature increases, both the rate of water uptake and speed of germination increase and time to emergence decreases for winter wheat The effect of soil temperature on speed of germination and emergence of Norstar winter wheat (from Lafond and Fowler, 1989). http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/winter_cereals/Winter_wheat/CHAPT11/cvchpt11.php
Vegetable Beans Cabbage Carrots Corn Cucumbers Lettuce Muskmelons Okra Onions Parsley Peas Peppers Pumpkins
Optimum temp. (degrees F) 60-85 45-95 45-85 60-95 60-95 40-80 75-95 70-95 50-95 50-85 40-75 65-95 70-90
Spinach
Squash Swiss chard Tomatoes Turnips Watermelons
35
60 40 50 40 60
45-75
70-95 50-85 70-95 60-105 70-95
Effect of soil temperature and water potential on emergence time of Norstar winter wheat (from Lafond and Fowler, 1989).
http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/winter_cereals/Winter_wheat/CHAPT11/cvchpt11.p hp
The slope of the land and the direction that it faces directly affects the temperature of a soil. Sun will fall on north-facing land during the day in both summer and winter.
SUHU TANAH KEDALAMAN TANAH The deeper you go down in a soil profile the less the soil temperature will fluctuate
Soil is a good insulator. It can take a while for the soil at the bottom of a profile to heat up, but it will also take a longer time for it to lose the heat that is stored there.
Amplitude of seasonal soil temperature change as a function of depth below ground surface.
http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/EarthTemperatures.htm diunduh 15/2/2012
SUHU-TANAH OPTIMUM BAGI TANAMAN Corn requires a soil temperature of 50 F to germinate and grow and soybeans require a soil temperature of 54 F. Temperatures below the optimum will cause seeds to sit dormant and become more vulnerable to diseases, insects, and animal predators. Crops should be planted when soil temperatures are optimal and within the target dates for the region. Keep in mind these dates are based on the average year and the use of short or long relative maturity corn products will affect these target dates. Planting into cold and/or wet soils can lead to numerous problems.
3575
3580 4075 4585 4595 5085 5085 6085 6095 6095 65100 6582
7085
Daftar Pustaka
deVries, D. A., 1963. Thermal Properties of Soils. In W.R. van Wijk (ed.) Physics of Plant Environment. NorthHolland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
de Vries, D. A. 1975. Heat Transfer in Soils. In D.A. de Vries and N.H. Afgan (ed.) Heat and Mass Transfer in the Biosphere. Pp.5-28. Scripta Book Co., Washington, DC. Farouki, O.T. 1986. Thermal Properties of Soils. Series on rock and soil mechanics. Vol. 11. Trans Tech Publ., Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany. Hillel, D. 1982. Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Marshall, T. J. and J. W. Holmes 1988. Soil Physics. 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. Wu, J. and D. L. Nofziger 1999. Incorporating temperature effects on pesticide degradation into a management model. J. Environ. Qual. 28:92-100.