Functions

1.1 Function
Functions
Students should able to
State the domain and range of a function, and find
the composite functions.
What is function?
Most useful mathematic idea for modeling the real
world
Example
If a rock climber drops a stone from a high cliff, what
happen to the stone?
Monitor answer
Well done, correct, of course the stone falls, we all know.
Anyway, thanks.
However how far it has fallen at any moment depends upon
how long it has been falling.
What is function? (continuous)
We need a rule that relates the position of
the stone to the time it has fallen.
Physicists know the rule
In t seconds the stone falls 16t
2
feet. If we let
d(t) stand for the distance the stone has
fallen at time t, then
d(t) = 16 t
2

What is function? (continuous)
The rule for finding the distance in terms of the time
is called a function.
Distance is a function of
Height is a function of
Cost of mailing a package is a function of weight
The area of a circle is a function of its
The number of bacteria in a culture is a function of
time
age
weight
radius
time
Definition of function
A function is a rule.
Use f, g, h, to represent functions.
Example
f is the rule square the number
f(2) mean apply the rule f to the number of
2
f(2) = 2
2
= 4
Relations (rule)
A relation between two sets A and B is the
matching between elements of set A to the
corresponding elements of set B under a set
of rule called law of correspondence.
Relations (rule)
Example
Ali owns a flat
Aci owns a terrace
house
Abu owns flat
Alai owns bungalow
We can represent
A={Ali, Aci, Abu, Alai}
B={flat, terrace, bungalow}

Presentation of function
Arrow diagram
Ali
Aci
Abu
Alai
Flat
Terrace
Bungalow
Set A
Set B
f = own
Find the domain and range
Consider the relations given by figure below.
2
3
4
1
A
B
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Domain={2,3,4}
Range={2,3,4,6,8}
Codomain
={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
Presentation of function
graph
3
9
f(x) = x
2
Find the domain and range from graph
Consider the relations given by figure below.
Determine the domain, range and codomian of
the relation
Domain=X={x:0sxs3,xeR}
3
9
] 3 , 0 [
or
or
] 9 , 0 [
or
] 9 , 0 [
Range={y:0sys9,yeR}
Codomain={y:0sys9,yeR}
Determine Maximal Domain and Range
Linear equation
D
f
= {x : x e R }
R
f
= {y : y e R}
) , (
or
) , (
or
x x f = ) (
Maximal Domain and Range (linear)
Determine the maximal domains of the following
function.
Linear equation
f(x)= x+1,
f(x)= x,
f(x)= x+7,
f(x)= 3x 2,
Domain = {x:xeR}
Domain = {x:xeR}
Domain = {x:xeR}
Domain = {x:xeR}
Range={y:yeR}
Range={y:yeR}
Range={y:yeR}
Range={y:yeR}
Maximal Domain and Range
(Quadratic)
Quadratic equation, f(x)=x
2
,
D
f
= {x:xeR}
R
f
= {y:y>0}
) , ( or
) , 0 [
or
Maximal Domain and Range
(Quadratic)
Quadratic equation, f(x)=-x
2
,
D
f
= {x:xeR}
R
f
= {y:ys0}
) , ( or
] 0 , (
or
Maximal Domain and Range
(Quadratic)
Quadratic equation, f(x) = x
2
3x + 2
D
f
= {x:xeR}
) , ( or
|
.
|

,
4
1
or
2 3 ) (
2
+ = x x x f
4
1
2
3
) (
2

|
.
|

\
|
= x x f
)
`

> =
4
1
: y y R
f
Try This
Determine the maximal domain and range of
f(x) = 4 2x 3x
2

D
f
= {x:xeR}
) , ( or
(

\
|

3
11
,
or
4 2 3 ) (
2
+ = x x x f
3
11
3
1
3 ) (
2
+
|
.
|

\
|
= x x f
)
`

s =
3
11
: y y R
f
Maximal Domain and Range (Cubic)
f(x) = 2x
3

D
f
= {x:xeR}
R
f
= {y:yeR}
) , ( or
or
) , (
Maximal Domain and Range (Cubic)
f(x) = -4x
3

D
f
= {x:xeR}
) , ( or
R
f
= {y:yeR}
) , ( or
Maximal Domain and Range (Cubic)
f(x) = x(x+2)(x-3)
D
f
= {x:xeR}
) , ( or
When y=0
x = 0, -2 or 3
R
f
= {y:yeR}
) , ( or
Maximal Domain and Range
D
f
= {x:x>0}
) , 0 [ or
R
f
= {y:y>0}
) , 0 [
or
q
p
x y =
2
1
) ( x x f = When p<q,
Maximal Domain and Range
D
f
= {x:x>0}
) , 0 [
or
R
f
= {y:y>0}
) , 0 [
or
q
p
x y =
2
3
) ( x x f = When p>q,
Maximal Domain and Range
D
f
= {x:x>3}
) , 3 [ or
R
f
= {y:y>0}
) , 0 [
or
q
p
x y =
( )
2
1
3 ) ( = x x f
When p<q,
3
Maximal Domain and Range Absolute
Value (Modulus)
D
f
= {x:xeR}
) , ( or
R
f
= {y:y>0}
) , 0 [
or
2 ) ( = x x f
2
- 2 - 2
Maximal Domain and Range Absolute
Value (Modulus)
D
f
= {x:xeR}
) , ( or
R
f
= {y:y>0}
) , 0 [
or
16 ) (
2
= x x f
16
-16
Maximal Domain and Range Reciprocal
function / Rectangular Parabola
x
x f
2
) ( =
D
f
= {x:xeR, x=0}
or
or
R
f
= {y:yeR, y=0}
) , 0 ( ) 0 , ( =
) , 0 ( ) 0 , ( =
Maximal Domain and Range Reciprocal
function / Rectangular Parabola
D
f
= {x:xeR, x=0}
or
or
x
x f
4
) ( =
R
f
= {y:yeR, y=0}
) , 0 ( ) 0 , ( =
) , 0 ( ) 0 , ( =
Translation of a graph
2
) ( x x f =
Translation of a graph
Horizontal shifts
2
) 2 ( ) ( = x x f
) ( ) ( k x f x f =
Translation of a graph
Horizontal shifts
2
) 2 ( ) ( + = x x f
) ( ) ( k x x f + =
Translation of a graph
Vertical shifts
2 ) (
2
+ = x x f
k x f y + = ) (
Translation of a graph
Vertical shifts
2 ) (
2
= x x f
k x f y = ) (
Translation of a graph
2 ) 1 ( ) (
2
+ = x x f
k h x f y + = ) (
Reflection of a graph
) (x f y =
2
) ( x x f =
Reflection of a graph
3
) ( ) ( x x f =
) ( x f y =
Practice 1
Find the domain and
range for the following
function




3 ) ( = x x f
x x f = 3 ) (
1 2 ) ( + = x x f
2
) ( x x f =
x
x f
1
) ( =
2
1
) (
+
=
x
x f
2 2
1
) (

=
x
x f
4
1
) (
+
=
x
x f
1
1
) (
2

=
x
x f
Practice 1 (continuous)
Find the domain and
range for the following
function




1
1
) (
2

=
x
x f
1
1
) (
+

=
x
x
x f
1 2
1
) (
+
=
x
x f
x x f = ) (
2 ) ( + = x x f
1
) (
+
=
x
x
x f
1
1
) (
2
+

=
x
x
x f