BY
SUVADEEP DALAL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IIT KHARAGPUR, KHARAGPUR APRIL 2012
Liquefaction
Flow Liquefaction
Cyclic Liquefaction
Liquefaction Potential
1. Thickness of the liquefied layer; 2. Proximity of the liquefied layer to the surface; and 3. Amount by which the factor safety (FS) is less than 1.0.
In which F = 1-FS for FS<=1, and F = 0 for FS>1, and Depth weighting factor, w(z) = 10-0.5z
Empirical methods.
specification of an interpretation space, and the mapping from representation space to interpretation space. Important attributes need to be determined (e.g. relative density, ground shaking intensity) and mapped into the liquefaction susceptibility space.
NN = CN * N
Fig.5: Liquefaction occurrences as a function of stress ratio and penetration resistance, data from 1976 Tangshan Earthquake
Input attributes
Ground shaking intensity (MMI). 2. Ground water level (m). 3. Depth of liquefiable soil deposit (m). 4. Soil penetration resistance (blow count/ft).
1.
Correction of Data
N =Cc * Nc Cc = 1 to 0.83 Nn = Cn * Cc * Nc
Table .2: Training data and recall test results (1976 Tangshan Earthquake)
Fig. 6. Histogram of recall error, recall test based on the Tangshan data.
Table .3: Prediction test data and results (1976 Tangshan Earthquake)
Table .4: Prediction test data and results for the city of Xing Xiang
Table 4. Prediction test data and results for the city of Xing Xiang(contd.)
Conclusions
1. Maps the basic inputs directly to the output without the need for intermediary steps. 2. Direct and hence simple. 3. Incremental learning and adaptive capabilities. 4. Autonomous and automatic synthesis of the underlying data structure. 5. The procedure is not completely automatic. The burden lies in data screening and selection, as is also true for other empirical methods.
References
(i) Tung.A.T.Y.; Wang.Y.Y; Wong.F.S. Assessment of
liquefaction potential using neural networks. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 12 (1993) 325-335. (ii) Toprak.S,A. M.ASCE; Holzer.T.L. Liquefaction Potential Index: Field Assessment. J. Geotech. and Envir. Engrg. (ASCE) 2003; 129:4(315). (iii) Moss.R.E.S., M.ASCE; Seed.R. B., M.ASCE; Kayen. R. E., M.ASCE; Stewart. J. P, M.ASCE; Kiureghian.A.D., M.ASCE; and Cetin.K.O., M.ASCE. CPT-Based Probabilistic and Deterministic Assessment of In Situ Seismic Soil Liquefaction Potential, J. Geotech. and Envir. Engrg. (ASCE) 2006; 132:8(1032).
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