Evolution

4. Evidences

4.1. Paleonthological evidences.

Fossil can be studied in order to know how different changes led to the creation of new species.

SELECTIVE BREEDING
-Selective breeding is done intentionally (on purpose) -Done to pass on selected genetic traits -Done to produce desirable traits in both plants and animals -Examples: breeders select dogs with certain colors, horses that are fast, cows that produce lots of milk
Bengal cat - hybrid breed of a cat mixed with an Asian leopard cat

SELECTIVE BREEDING

SELECTIVE BREEDING

The Liger is the result of breeding a female Tiger to a male Lion.

It has stripes and spots. The stripes are from the tiger parent and the spots from the lion parent. On their hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000 pounds.

The Cama is the result of breeding a Llama to a Camel. Parents in background of picture.

The Zebroid is the result of breeding a female Horse and a male Zebra.

The Zedonk / Zonkey is the result of breeding a female Donkey and male Zebra.

Geep - These are the result of a sheep and a goat.

-The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse to a male donkey. - The mule is superior to the horse in strength, endurance, intelligence and disease resistance.

4.2. Anatomical evidences

Structures found in more than one individual that share a common ancestor

Homology
Archetypal explanation
The same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function. (Owen,1843)

Common ancestry
A structure is similar among related organisms because those organisms have all descended from a common ancestor that had an equivalent trait. (Darwin,1859)
Homology in character evolution. Staton, July 2000

Analogy
Different structures which perform the same function (Owen, 1843) Convergence: Similarities between organisms that evolved independently.

Tasmanian wolf

Mexican wolf

Foquieria Foquieriaceae North America

Allauidia Didieriaceae Madagascar

Homology or Analogy?

Vestigial structures
A type of homologous structure that is no longer used but it is in other species. Vestigial means: non fully developed

4.4. Embriological evidences.

Different species have a simiilar embriological origin, showing that they may have a common ancestor.

4.2. Molecular evidences

Biomolecules are always the same between species. DNA sequence of sister species is close one to another.

4.3. Biogeographical evidences.

The distribution of certain species and/ or traits are explained thanks to process of evolution. From a common ancestor new species appear and can be distributed all along the world.

4.5. Taxonomical evidences.

Taxonomy relate species according to its proximity. Two species with share characteristics share the same ancestor.

Theropods: it means three fingers and toes

La forma de representar las relaciones taxonmicas se denomina Cladograma.