Space Time Codes

2
A MIMO SYSTEM
3
System Model
4
System Model
MIMO system with N
T
transmit and N
R
receive antennas





: received vector
: quasi-static channel matrix
: transmitted vector
: white Gaussian noise vector
(
(
(

R T R
T
N N N
N
h h
h h

1
1 11
(
(
(

) (
) (
1
k r
k r
R
N

(
(
(

) (
) (
1
k x
k x
T
N

(
(
(

) (
) (
1
k n
k n
R
N

=
+
) ( ) ( ) ( k k k n x H r + =
H
) (k r
) (k n
) (k x
Why Space Time coding ?
5
Space-Time Coding
What is Space-Time coding?
Coding schemes allow for the adjusting and optimization of
joint encoding across space and time in order to maximize
the reliability of a wireless link.

Space-Time codes allow us to achieve this goal by
exploiting
Spatial diversity in order to provide coding and diversity gains
over an uncoded wireless link
6
1. Space-Time Block Codes:
These codes are transmitted using an orthogonal block
structure which enables simple decoding at the receiver.

2. Space-Time Trellis Codes:
These are convolutional codes extended to the case of
multiple transmit and receive antennas.

Space-Time Coding
7
Space-Time Block Codes achieve maximum possible diversity
advantage but no coding gain and
bandwidth expansion
advantage: simplicity

Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTC) joint design of error control
coding, Modulation, transmit
and receive diversity


complexity coding gain, spectral efficiency,
and diversity improvement
Space-Time Coding
8
Maximizing diversity with Space-Time Codes
SpaceTime Trellis Codes (STTC) offer better performance
at the cost of increased complexity
Complex decoding (vector version of the Viterbi algorithm)
increases exponentially with the transmission rate
Full diversity. Coding gain
SpaceTime Block Codes (STBC)
Simple maximumlikelihood (ML) decoding based on linear processing
Full diversity. Minimal or no coding gain
9
Space-Time Trellis Coding
0
1
2
3
Aim : To realize joint encoding, modulation
and diversity across space and time .

Design : 4-QAM / QPSK
4 state
2 Transmit antennas
10
Example of a 2 transmit space-time trellis code with 4 states
(4-PSK constellations, spectral efficiency of 2bps/Hz)
Space-Time Trellis Coding
Input Bits

00
0

01
1

10
2

11
3

State 0
Output for
Antenna1,Antenna2

00

01

02

03

State 1
Output for
Antenna1,Antenna2

10

11

12

13

State 2
Output for
Antenna1,Antenna2

20

21

22

23

State 3
Output for
Antenna1,Antenna2

30

31

32

32

State #

0

1

2

3



11
Example
Assume initial state : 00 state 0

Input stream : 0 3 0 1 2 0 3 2 0 1 0 0

Tx. Ant. 1 : 0 0 3 0 1 2 0 3 2 0 1 0
Tx. Ant. 2 : 0 3 0 1 2 0 3 2 0 1 0 0

Delay diversity ?
12
Example - Delay diversity code, QPSK modulation
Code rate , 2 Tx antennas

Encoder structure:
Example:
x = 1 3 2 0 1
c
1
= 1 3 2 0 1
c
2
= 0 1 3 2 0

Input
x
4

output
antenna 1
output
antenna 2
D
c
1
c
2
1 symbol delay
State
0 0
1
2
0/00
1/10
2/20
3/30
0/00
1/10
2/20
3
3/30
0/01
1/11
2/21
3/31
0/02
1/12
2/22
3/32
0/03
1/13
2/23
3/33
transition label: x /c
1
c
2
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
2/23
0/02
1/10
13
Example -Space-time ring TCM code
4-state trellis, code rate (and n=2)
Encoder structure:
c
1
x
D
c
2

+ +
3
1 2 3 1 1
input seq.
output seq.
1 2 3 1 1
1 3 0 3 0
t
0
t
1
2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 3 0 1
0 2 2 0 2
0 3 1 0 3
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 2
1 2 3 1 3
1 3 2 1 0
2 0 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 3
2 2 0 2 0
2 3 3 2 1
3 0 3 3 3
3 1 2 3 0
3 2 1 3 1
3 3 0 3 2
input
S
t
S
t+1
c
1
c
2
input
S
t
S
t+1
c
1
c
2
14
Example -Space-time ring TCM code
4-state trellis, code rate (and n=2)
0 0
1
2
0/00
1/11
2/22
3/33
0/00
1/11
2/22
3
3/33
1/12
2/23
3/30
0/01
2/20
3/31
0/02
1/13
3/32
0/03
1/10
2/21 3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3/30
1/13 1/10
15
16
Space Time Trellis Decoding
For the 2 Tx antennas system the metric is reduced to:

m (r
j
( l ), c
i
( l ) / h
ij
( l ) )

= [ r
j
( l ) - {h
1j
( l ) c
1
( l ) + h
2j
( l ) c
2
( l ) } ]
2

l = 1
j = 1
L
m
17
Space Time Trellis Decoding
State
survivor path
0 0
1
2
3
0/00
1/11
2/22
3/33
22.378
1.0917
21.437
41.135
0/00
1/12
0
1
2
Transition
metrics
12.071+22.378=34.449
22.952+1.0917=24.044
Accumulated
metrics
2/23
3
7.8235+21.437=29.2602
4.5824+41.137=45.7176
1.0917+10.1054=11.1971 survivor
| | | |
2
2 22 1 12 2
2
2 21 1 11 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( c g c g r c g c g r + =
recei ved
1st antenna
CSI
transi ti on
si gnal s
recei ved
2nd antenna
CSI
transi ti on
si gnal s =
branch
l abel s
18
Simulation Results for Trellis Codes
2 Tx, 1Rx, 4PSK codes: 2 Tx, 2Rx, 4PSK codes:
Increase in number of states increases coding gain
Increase in number of receive antennas increases diversity gain
19
Space-Time Block Codes
20
Encoding and Transmission :






Decoding:
Linearly combine received symbols
Perform Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection
Diversity order of 2N
R
guaranteed
Space-Time Block Code
Alamouti Codes
c
1
c
2
c
3
c
4
c
5
Tx1
Tx2
-c
2
* c
1
c
1
* c
2
The received symbols :
0 2 1 1 0 0
) ( n c h c h t r r + + = =
1
*
1 1
*
2 0 1
) ( n c h c h T t r r + + = + =
21
22
STBC for Tx. Ant > 2
23
Simulation Results for Alamouti Scheme
Increase in number of receive antennas increases diversity order
24
Comparison of Alamouti and Trellis
SpaceTime Trellis codes
perform better than Alamouti
scheme.

Alamouti code is lot simpler
to decode than trellis codes
25
Capacity increase in MIMO
26
Scope of MIMO
MIMO channels offer multiplexing gain, diversity gain, power
gain (array gain) and a cochannel interference cancellation
gain
Tradeoff between diversity gain and multiplexing gain: Careful
balancing between those gains is required
Space-Time Coding: Space-Time block codes (STBC) and Space-
Time Trellis Codes
Easy to combine with error control codes
MIMO systems offer a solution choice for future generation
wireless networks
Distributed MIMO: Cooperative wireless networks