Polar Ice cap Reduced by ????

Pollution: Its a Serious Concern

Many sources; occurs year-round

SOURCES OF POLLUTION

Key to Understanding: POLLUTION

Fine Particles Reduce Visibility

Chicago - Summer 2000. Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 g/m3

Chicago - Summer 2000. Hazy Day : PM 2.5 < 35 g/m3

Sources of water pollution

Chlorine

Paint

Chemicals

Septic back-up

Millions of dollars were spent trying to contain the contamination, but even so, many plants and animals were killed.

Oil booms protecting a salmon fish hatchery.

Three days after the Exxon Valdez crashed, a storm pushed large quantities of oil onto the rocky shores of many of the islands nearby. Oil spills can be very harmful to fish, marine birds and mammals. Oil prevents some animals from keeping themselves warm (it ruins their fur and feathers), and other animals may swallow oil as they try to clean themselves, which can poison them.

Water Pollution
Unfortunately, pollutants enter the Earths systems of rivers, lakes, and oceans every day. Sometimes this is due to careless acts by people, accidents, or broken equipment. More often it is considered a normal part of doing business.

However it happens, the result is the same: pollutants that enter the Earths water system affect not only plants and animals that live in the water, but the surrounding environments as well.

Oil Spills
This oil well off the coast of Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico blew up on June 3, 1979. By the time the well was brought under control over seven months later, an estimated 140 million gallons of oil had spilled into the bay. This was one of the largest oil spills ever.

140 million gallons! Just how much oil is that anyway? Can you figure out a way to help somebody understand just how much 140 million gallons really is?

ZERO EMISSION-OUR GOAL

ESP

INDIA IN NEAR FUTURE

PRESENT INDIA

A JOURNEY TOWARDS ZERO EMISSION FROM RASAYAN SHAKTI

M.R.DAS D.MISHRA A.K.SINGH

ZERO EMISSION
Introduction What is a zero emission plant? Technology to control PM/SPM Some technologies for SOX/NOx reduction Combustion modifications clean up systems Technologies for CO2 capture CO2 sequestration

Zero Emission Power Plant

Power plant emissions can be
Unwanted content in the exhaust gas (CO2, NOx, CO, VOC, SO2, dioxin, smoke, particles, steam plume..) Ash, cooling water, spill water, lube oil Noise and vibrations Transports of fuel and ash, fuel preparation

In a Zero emission power plant

all emissions but are low as a result of good engineering required by laws, directives and regulations to reach global standards.

Environmental Concerns in TPP

AAQ Chlorine Storage Halon

Flue Gas

Boiler
Turbine

Control Room S T A C K
AAQ

APH
Cond

ESP
Boiler Blow down ASPH

Cooling Tower

Blow Down Water Intake

AAQ

Main Plant Drain

ASH POND

Colony & Drainage

Technology to control PM/SPM

ESP SUPPORT OF CHEMICAL DOSING

1.Electron emission
1

ESP PROCESS STEPS

Dust layer

2.Dust particle charging

2 3

Collecting electrode, grounded

3.Migration
5.Rapping 4 4.dust collection 5

Discharge electrode with Negative high tension (20-60kV)

Rapping mechanism

Desirables for Stack Emission Reduction

the fly ash108-1011

Optimum Electrical Resistivity of Higher Moisture in flue gas. Lower Flue gas temp Higher Sulpher in flue gas.

Proper Gas flow distribution

Minimum Un-burnt in fly ash Particle size distribution Advance ESP controller/ Ele. Energy for fly ash.

FLUE GAS CHEMICAL CONDITIONING

1. FLUE GAS HUMIDIFICATION

2. SO3 DOSING

3. AMMONIA DOSING

AMMONIA DOSING SYSTEM AT ESP INLET FOR STACK EMMISSION CONTROL

AMMONIA DOSING
Ammonia combine with SOX and transforms it to Ammonium sulphate & Ammonium bisulphate.

CHEMICAL CHANGE

ADVANTAGE

Ammonium bisulphate molecules (being adhesive in nature) increases the adhesion strength of dust collected on electrodes and falls in the form of lumps while rapping and thus reduces the re-entertainmentloss

Ammonium sulphate is the outcome of neutralization of excess sulpher present in flue gas.

AMMONIA DOSING RATE

AMMONIA WAS DOSED AT DIFFERENT FEED RATES IN STEPS OF INCREASING TREND FROM 5 L/min TO 25L/min.

WATER SPRAY

BEST REDUCTION IN EMMISSION WAS OBTAINED AT RATE OF 20 L/min.

LAYOUT FOR AMMONIA DOSING IN ESP

DUCT PASS-A

PASS-D

PASS-C

PASS-B

PASS-A

WATER SPRAY

AMMONIA CYLINDER
ZERO METER

AMMONIA HEADERS TO PASS A & B

GAS SPRAY HEADER FOR INLET DUCT TO ESP PASS B

GAS SPRAY HEADER FOR INLET DUCT TO ESP PASS A

AMMONIA DOSING UNIT # 2

AVERAGE

STACK LEVEL

AMMONIA DOSING RATE

AMMONIA DOSING UNIT # 3

AVERAGE STACK LEVEL

AMMONIA DOSING RATE

CONCLUSION
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

SPM SPM WITH AMMONIA

SO3 CONDITIONING

Dust concentration
200 Mg/m3 (STP) 150

SO3- Conditioning Systems

100

50

0 SO3 load 10

20

30

40

ppm

Clean gas duct concentration as a function of SO3 injection rate.

ADVANTAGES OF FGC
It is simple, robust, cost effective and can be implemented with minimum downtime It can achieve emission reduction by 50% and in certain circumstances nearly 90% A smaller ESP can achieve the same collection efficiency and emission as a larger one without FGC Can modify the FLY ASH chemistry Improve the performance of ESP at a relatively low cost. Easiest way to meet the lower emission standard

TECHNOLOGY FOR NOX CONTROL

BASICS OF NOX
NO and NO2 are produced when a small amount of the N2 in the air is passing through a flame There are two types of NOx = NO + NO2
Promt NOx, produced in the flame front, proportional to pressure Thermal NOx, produced at high temperature in the post flame flow. Thermal NOx is exponentially proportional to temperature and proportional to residence time

BASICS OF NOX
The rate of NOx is thus proportional to pressure and residence time and exponentially increasing with flame temperature Generally NO2 is produced a lower flame temperature, NO at higher NO2 can at high concentrations look like yellowish smoke

Some technologies for NOx reduction

Water-steam injection Exhaust gas clean up in catalytic reactor Catalytic combustion Catalytic absorption in SCONOX

Water-steam injection
NOx
200 Water Injection 100 Lean Premix Combustion

Steam Injection

0.5

1.0

1.5

Fuel/Air Equivalence Ratio

- NOx is reduced by cooling down the flame with H2O -

Exhaust gas clean up

Selective Catalytic Reactor Ammonia is mixed into the combustion air after the gas turbine In the catalytic reactor the ammonia reacts with NOx to produce N2 and H20 90% efficiency Works between certain temperature limits, thus has to be positioned in an exhaust gas boiler Deterioration of catalytic elements: average 6 years life

EXHAUST GAS CLEAN UP

NOX+NH3 AMMONIA GAS EXHAUST GAS 450-500OC
CATALYST BED N2+H2O+FLUE GAS

Life time:06 yrs GAS TURBINE FUEL+AIR Efficiency-90%

Catalytic Combustion
Fuel injector Combustion chamber

Preburner & mixer

1st stage 2nd stage catalyst catalyst

T (compressor discharge) = 350 - 500 C

T(in, cat) > 500C

T (1,out) T (2,out) > 850<T<1000 750C C

T (hot gas) ca. 1300 C

- Low temperature reactions on catalytic surfaces -

Catalytic NOx absorption

The SCANOX system uses catalytic absorption The absorption elements works at lower temperatures than the SCR They are regenerated with H2 to form H20 and N2 The SCANOX reactor is built up of a number of elements with individual dampers on each element, upstream and downstream The regeneration is an ongoing process in which elements are shut off by the dampers and blown by H2 for a minute The H2 is generated from the fuel gas by a steam reformer 95 97% NOx removal efficiency ~ 4 times more expensive than SCR but there is a growing market in the US, perhaps Norway and Japan

Catalytic NOx absorption

NOX is absorbed in the catalyst bed EXHAUST GAS 300-400OC Exhaust Gas

NOX absorption catalyst bed

Catalyst bed regenerated With H2 gas

GAS TURBINE FUEL+AIR

Efficiency-95-97%

Carbon Sequestration

Carbon Sequestration
It is a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating gases that could contribute to global climate change Stores CO2 removed from the atmosphere or captured from emissions and stores it in another form somewhere else (a carbon sink)

CARBON SEQUESTRATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEPLOYED VERY RAPIDLY AT AN ENORMOUS SCALE FOR SAFE GHG STABILIZATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean Sequestration Direct, deep-ocean injection

Geological Sequestration Saline Reservoirs Old Oil/Gas fields Coal Beds Soil/Plant Sequestration Chemical Sequestration Creating terrestrial solids Creating hydrates Basalt injection Absorption into amine soln.

Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean & Geological modes have the highest storage capacity, which would cover from 50 to >250 years of current emission volumes. They also have long term sequestration potential

DOE, Carbon Sequestration Roadmap

Thank you

The path to the future is neither as rosy as some people hope nor as thorny as others fear, but depends on how effectively we pick out the weeds and nurture the bush as we walk

NOX EMMISSION
400MW& ABOVE------50.0 PPM ON N.G 100.0 PPM ON NAPTHA 100-400MW--------75.0 PPM ON N.G 100.0 PPM ON NAPTHA <100.0 MW---------100.0 PPM ON N.G &NAPTHA