Diesel Engines

Learning Objectives
Understand the various terms related to diesel engines Differentiate between a crosshead engines and trunk piston engine Explain working principle of 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines State advantages and disadvantages of slow speed diesel engine Explain meaning of scavenging and supercharging Explain Diesel Engine ancillary system

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Introduction
Internal Combustion (I.C.) Engines are Diesel Engines Petrol Engines Jet Engines Gas turbines In I.C. Engine combustion takes place inside the engine as compared to steam engines and steam turbines where combustion takes place out side the engine i.e. in boilers (known as External Combustion Engine)
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Marine Diesel Engines

Are one type of I.C. Engines which use D.O. or F.O. Classified as Compression Ignition (C.I.)engines where fuel oil is ignited inside the engine cylinder by heat of compression of air Unlike petrol engine where fuel is ignited by electric spark Application of Diesel Engines on Ship: Main Engine Aux Engine Lifeboat Engine Emergency Generator Emergency Compressor
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Popularity of Diesel Propulsion Plant

Use of cheaper grade of fuel Higher plant efficiency (beyond 50% ) with improved waste heat recovery unit 40% less fuel consumption than steam plant Less complex than steam plant Higher reliability & better manoeuvre ability Less maintenance cost
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Classification of Marine Diesel Engines

Piston action
Single acting Double acting

Engine speed
Slow speed engine (55 to 150 rpm) Medium speed engine (300 to 850 rpm) High speed engine (850 to 3000 rpm)

Piston connection
Trunk piston type engine Crosshead type engine

Cylinder arrangement
Inline arrangement Vee arrangement
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Essential Terminology
TDC BDC Bore Stroke Swept volume Clearance volume Compression ratio

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Essential Terminology
Stroke of a Piston
This is the distance traveled by the piston from the TDC (Top Dead Centre) to BDC (Bottom Dead Centre) or vice versa. Stroke is determined by the length of the crank.

Swept Volume
This is the volume swept by the piston during one stroke. Swept Volume is the product of 'Piston Area' and 'Stroke'.

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Essential Terminology
Clearance Volume
This is the volume on top of the cylinder when the piston is at TDC. The clearance volume space forms the Combustion Chamber. Compression Ratio This is the ratio obtained by dividing the 'Volume at BDC' by the 'Volume at TDC' (Clearance Volume). It is difficult to start an engine if the Compression ratio is less than 12. Main propulsion engines on board ships, which burn poor quality heavy fuel oil have Compression Ratio around 14. swept volume + clearance volume Compression Ratio = clearance volume
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Trunk Piston Type Engines

Piston is connected directly to the upper end of the connecting rod by the gudgeon pin & bearings Lower end of connecting rod is connected to the crankshaft with bearings

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Crosshead Type Engines

Piston is fastened to vertical piston rod Lower end of piston is attached to crosshead assembly X-head assembly slides up & down in guides X-head assembly is connected to crankshaft by connecting rod with bearings
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Engine Cycles
A cycle is a full series of separate steps or events essential for efficient engine operation. These steps or events are Suction of air Compression of air Injection of fuel Expansion of gases Exhausting of gases There are two types of D.E. cycles 2 stroke & 4 stroke cycles

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Two-stroke Cycle
Slow speed engines operate on 2-stroke cycle principle In two-stroke engine, one working cycle occurs for every one revolution of the engine crankshaft Every down stroke of piston is a power stroke Every upward stroke is a compression stroke Exhaust of burnt gases & fresh charge of air is taken during the late period of downward stroke and early period of upward stroke
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Two Stroke Cycle

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Crosshead type 2stroke diesel engine working principle

Fresh air Rotary air compressor Exhaust gas Gas turbine

Air cooler

PV diagram

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2Stroke Engine Design Features

100 RPM Upto 12 cylinders Large power output per cylinder (3MW) Uniflow scavenging

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1. Direct Reversal, so that propeller turns in astern direction. Slow speed & medium speed 1. Controllable Pitch Propeller, which changes the angle of blades while the propeller shaft turns in same direction 2. A diesel electric system in which the propeller is driven by a reversible electric motor 3. Reverse gear and clutches, which cause propeller to turn in opposite direction

Methods of producing reverse thrust from propeller

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Four-stroke Cycle
Medium speed and high speed engines are generally operate on 4-stroke cycle principle It takes four strokes of the piston i.e 2 revolutions of crankshaft to complete one working cycle of operation

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Four Stroke Cycle

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Trunk piston 4 stroke diesel engine working principle

Fresh air Rotary air compressor Air cooler Inlet valve Exhaust valve Exhaust gas Gas Turbine

PV diagram

Fly wheel

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Timing diagram

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4 Stroke Engine Design Features

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Energy Distribution

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Engine Systems
Lubricating Cooling Air for combustion Fuel Air for starting

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Lubricating System

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Cooling System

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Air for Combustion

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Fuel System

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Air for starting

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Medium Speed Engine for propulsion

Typically 4 stroke engine RPM 300 to 600 RPM Requires Gear box,

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Demerits: 1. Piston absorbs side thrust generated by the angle of connecting rod 2. It is possible for contaminants to reach crankcase

Medium Speed Engine

1 2

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Merits: 1. Smaller engine room, useful for ferries etc. 2. Redundancy. If one engine fails

Medium Speed Engine

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Need for a Reduction gear

The optimum rotational speed of a medium speed engine is 300 to 600 RPM. This speed is higher than optimum propeller speed of about 70 RPM In order to improve the overall performance of energy conversion system, reduction gears are fitted to enable each component to work efficiently.

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Summary
Terminology 2 stroke engine 4 stroke engine Comparison between 2 stroke & 4 stroke Engine ancillary systems

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