SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

SHARIFAH MAIZURA KASMAWATI HASNOR IZZATI NOR AWAATHIF NUR ADHA MOHD FADLILAH KU MOHD SYAFIQ SITI NOR AMIRA SITI SAUFU

DEFINITION
Photovoltaic comes from Photo= light and voltaic=electricity and Solar comes from sun Therefore, Solar photovoltaic convert light from sun into electricity.

HISTORY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaic(light) is due to the 19th Century French physicist Edmond Becquerel, back in 1839.
However only Household and in 19531954 industrial A first practical that the applications application of photovoltaic developed photocells was effect was first slowly developed later used for solar thereafter, at (1877) in the panel energy the end of the form of light conversion 1960s and the meters. (power beginning of satellites) the 1970s.

Three generation of solar cell

Second generation(thin film)

Involve high energy and labor inputs which prevent any significant progress in reducing production costs.

Materials have been developed to address energy requirements and production costs of solar cells. Second generation technologies are expected to gain in market share.

Technologies aim to enhance poor electrical performance of second generation (thin-film technologies) while maintaining very low production costs.

Third generation

First generation

HOW SOLAR PV ARE MADE?

WHY SILICON?

A semiconductor material that can absorb energy

from sunlight and convert it into an electrical

current.

The raw material from which it is made (sand) is

plentiful, and it is nontoxic.

Poly-crystalline silicon wafers are made by sectioning silicon ingots and wire-sawing the sections into very thin

slices or wafers.
Doping then creates the photoactive pn junction.

This photovoltaic cell was made from a polycrystalline silicon wafer

Non-reflective glass to collect photons from the sun. An aluminized conductive material is deposited on the back surface.

The Principle Of Solar Photovoltaic

All Photovoltaic modules contain a number of layers from the light-facing side to the back:
1. Protection Layer: Usually made from glass, though in thin-film modules this can also be transparent plastic. 2. Front Contact: The electric contact at the front, has to be transparent, as otherwise, light would not get into the cell. 3. Absorption Material: The heart of the module is the layer where the light is absorbed and converted into electric current. All materials used are semiconductors.
.

4. Metal back contact: A conductor at the back completes the electric circuitry. 5. Laminate Film: A laminate ensures that the structure is water-proof and insolated from heat. 6. Back glass: This layer gives protection on the back side of the module. It may be made of glass or aluminums or plastic.
7. Connectors: Finally, the module is fitted with connectors and cables, so it can be wired

Mechanism of Solar Photovoltaic

When a photon strikes a solar photovoltaic cell, some of the energy it bring is captured by semiconductor materials. 2. That energy knocks electron , allowing them to flow freely. 3. Electric field created by PV cells then force the loose electron to go in a certain direction, creating a current.
1.

Application of Photovoltaic

Factor Affecting Conversion Efficiency

Wavelength of light Recombination Natural Resistance Temperature Reflection Electrical Resistance

Wavelength Of The Light

As the wavelength of the light higher, the energy of light will be lower So as the energy is higher so its be able to free the electron from its bond The energy must be higher than bandgap So higher wavelength higher the Efficiency of conversion

Recombination
When there is inadvertently recombination of the electron and holes, its decrease the efficiency of the photovoltaic This occur before they make it into the electrical circuit and contribute to the cell current

Natural Resistance

Natural resistance to electron flow will affect the cell efficiency

As the natural resistance is higher the efficiency of photovoltaic is decrease

Temperature
Solar cell work best in low temperature As the temperature higher its lowering the efficiency of solar cell And as the temperature lower, its efficiency will be higher

Reflection

A cell efficiency can be increase with minimizing the amount of light reflected away from the solar surface.

So the reflection of light must be minimize to make the solar cell more efficient

Electrical Resistance
Electrical resistance affect the efficiency of the solar cell To minimize the resistance larger electrical contacts needed But this will block too much incident light So to design the solar cell the must be made must consider the loss due to resistance and also loss due to shading effect

Application of Photovoltaic

Application of Photovoltaic

Power Station

Also known as solar park Mounted on the ground Two type: 1. Fixed 2. Tracking Use to generate electricity in country like China

In building

The photovoltaic can be either integrated into them, mounted on them, or mounted on the nearby ground. Usually use by green building to minimized power intake from supply station. Some house in Malaysia mounted on to of their roof for heating water. Make the electric of the building become cheaper.

In Transport
To provide auxiliary power for car and boats Full solar power vehicles not being sold to public, instead being use in demonstration or unique race. Indirectly solar-charged vehicles are widespread and solar boats are available commercially.

Need large surface to mount the photovoltaic . Result in driver only seat vehicle.

Standalone Device

also called autonomous PV systems Based on the photovoltaic system use to power solar type calculator Does not require any external power to operate, so power shortage will not affect device. Device can last for years if maintained regularly.

Example parking meter, temporary traffic sign, signal and emergency telephone.

Rural Electrification

solar products prices in recent years have declined to become cheaper than kerosene and batteries. Use by house that far away from power grid. Diminish the cost that family in developing have to pay for electricity.

Solar Roadway

Road surface that generates electricity by solar photovoltaics.

concept involves replacing highways, roads, parking lots, driveways, and sidewalks with such a system. Usually use to power the light or sign on the highway install with solar panel

Solar Power Satellite

To power the satellite or space station in space Being exposed consistently longer time to the sun Satellite can last longer in space

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Non Polluting
No

noise

No unpleasant emissions

Cut your carbon footprint: solar electricity is green, renewables energy and doesn't release any harmful carbon dioxide (CO2) or other pollutants.

No hassle

There is no need to supply any fuel, lubrication or maintenance

Other than making sure that the glass surface remains reasonably clean. This can easily be achieved by occasionally hosing down the solar array.

Saving

Cut your electricity bills.

Get paid for the electricity you generate. Sell electricity back to the grid.

Solar

modules produce more power within five years than the power consumed in their production

 Maintenance
Solar keep

PV needs little maintenance

the panels relatively clean and make sure trees don't begin to overshadow them. The panels that are tilted at 15 or more have the additional benefit of being cleaned by rainfall to ensure optimal performance.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Toxic
Toxic

chemicals like cadmium and arsenic are used in the PV production.

If

not dispose properly, can cause harm to environmental.

High-cost

Due to manufacturing devices such as crystal silicon wafers.

And to form P-N junction.

Part to the conversion efficiencies of the equipment.

Sun-dependent

Not available at night

Less available in cloudy weather condition Thus required storage or complementary power system.

Energy Loss

Solar cell produces DC

Need to be converted to AC

It will incurs energy loss that decrease efficiency.

Thank You. The End..