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Grid-Connected PV system consists of PV modules, grid-connected inverters, metering device and power distribution system
The solar energy is converted into DC current by PV modules and then feeding into the local power grid network by the grid-connected inverters which synchronizing the frequency, phase and pure sine waveform with the power network.
The synchronized power is partially used for local load demands and partially is fed to the power company.
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A grid connected PV system is designed to meet all, or a portion of our daily energy needs.
This connection enables us to obtain the balance of our electricity from our local utility.
It also allows us to send excess solar electricity back to our power company for later use.
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To feed to the grid, this DC voltage has to be inverted to the grid alternating current (AC) voltage by a grid-tied inverter, synchronizing automatically its AC output to the exact AC voltage and frequency of the grid.
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continued..
The second important job of the solar power inverter is to control the PV system to run near its Maximum Power Point (MPP),
the operating point where the combined values of the current and voltage of the solar modules result in a maximum power output.
This MPP fluctuates during operation in an interval depending on the radiation, the cell temperature and the cell type and has so to be tracked by the inverter controlling unit
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standalone systems, the output power of the PV system can also be stored in batteries. the battery systems are expensive, bulky and require high maintenance.
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However,
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The proposed two-stage PV GCI topology is based on a current-source inverter and illustrated in the figure
This circuit topology is an extension of a Switched-Mode rectifier (SMR) circuit that was originally proposed for automotive applications , where it acted as a DC-DC converter.
The circuit uses a DC link inductor (L) in series with the PV panel to produce a constant-current source (Figure)
A boost switch (will be named as a current wave shaper, WS) is used to produce a PWM output current that resembles a rectified sine wave that is in-phase with the grid. 5/30/12
The thyristor based H-bridge inverter in the circuit unfolds the output of the current wave-shaper to produce a sinusoidal AC output current.
An output LC filter (CF and LF) is used to remove the PWM switching components (Figure).
The H-bridge inverter (unfolding circuit) in the circuit is controlled by a microcontroller, which is also used to detect zero-crossings of the mains voltage and to control the duty-cycle of the WS switch. 5/30/12
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CENTRALIZED INVERTER
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STRING INVERTER
Reduced version of centralized inverter with one string connected to an inverter, facilitating the MPPT
MULTISTRING INVERTERS
Further development of the string inverter
Each PV module is interfaced by its own dc/dc converter and then connected to an inverter
Further enlargements of the PV plant are easily done because of the dc/dc converters
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AC MODULE CONCEPT
Complex topology Small-scale residential applications DC/DC converter modules DC/AC inverter modules
DC bus works as a current sharing carried parallel and redundant operation of dc/ac inverter modules are realized without communication link between them Each module unit has independent functions
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Two stage topologies for single module- ex. DC/ grid-connected voltage source PWM inverter
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Buffer capacitor is either for low and high frequency 5/30/12 ripple
Left leg- controlled by hysteresis band controller, operates at 20-80 kHz 5/30/12
High power losses during partial shading- all modules are connected to the same MPPT device
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Possible further reduction of the harmonic distortion High number of required semiconductors Imbalanced loading of the different strings
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Series connected modules- similar to the two stage topology for single modules
Separate dc/dc converter for each module string and common dc/ac inverter
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MULTISTRING TOPOLOGY
DC/DC boost converter for each one of the strings of PV Common half-bridge inverter
The circuit also can be realized with galvanic isolated push-pull or full bridge converter
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CONCLUSION
Different topologies for different applications and referring to different combinations of power electronic devices for optimal required parameters
Different topologies to research the inverter operation under certain conditions- input/output active/reactive power voltage etc.
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REFERENCES
for Photovoltaic Systems. Ertasgin, D.M. Whaley, N. Ertugrul and W.L. Soong School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Adelaide gurhan@eleceng.adelaide.edu.au
Zacharias P. Use of Electronics- Based Power Conversion for Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources, ISET 2008
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system