Parameter-Parameter Antena

Fitri Yuli Zulkifli

Parameter-parameter dasar antena


Kinerja antena dapat dijelaskan dengan
mendefinisikan berbagai parameter antena.
Tidak semua parameter antena diperlukan untuk
menyatakan kinerja, selain itu beberapa
parameter saling terkait.
Definisi parameter-parameter antena menurut
IEEE Standard Definition of Term for Antennas,
diberikan sebagai berikut :


1. Radiation Pattern
(Pola Radiasi/Pancaran)


Didefinisikan sebagai : A graphical representation of
the radiation properties of the antenna as a function
of space coordinates. In most cases, the radiation
pattern is determined in the far-field region and is
represented as a function of the directional
coordinates. Radiation properties include radiation
intensity, field strength, phase of polarization.

Isotropic, Directional and Omnidirectional
Patterns
Isotropic Radiator:
a hypothetical lossless antenna having equal
radiation in all directions
Directional antenna:
having the property of radiating or receiving
electromagnetic waves more effectively in some
directions than in others.
Omnidirectional:
having an essentially nondirectional pattern in a
given plane (azimuth) and a directional pattern in
any orthogonal plane (elevation). Special type of
directional antenna.
Field Regions
The space surrounding an antenna is usually
subdivided into three regions:
a. Reactive near field
b. Radiating near-filed (Fresnel)
c. Far-field (Fraunhofer)
jarak
Bidang
referensi
Reactive
nearfield
Mixture of
wave types
Single
wave type
Nearfield
region
Far-Field
region
Antena
D
E
: diameter
aperture antenna
Radiation Pattern (E&H-plane)
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
E-plane H-plane
2. Radiation Power Density
The quantity used to describe the power
associated with an electromagnetic wave is
the instantaneous Poynting vector:
W = E x H

Radiation is the measure of a plane angle :
There are radian in a full circle
t 2
t
t
t 2
2
2 = = =
r
r
r
C
rad.
Steradian is the measure of a solid angle :
There are steradian in a closed sphere.
t
t
t 4
4
4
2
2
2
= = =
r
r
r
S

t 4
Note:
| u u d d r dA sin
2
=
| u u d d
r
dA
d sin
2
= = O
differential
solid angle of
sphere !

3. Radiation Intensity
Didefinisikan sebagai : The power radiated from an
antenna per unit solid angle.


4. Directivy
Definisi : The value of the directive gain in the direction of
its maximum value.

Directive gain pada satu arah tertentu didefinisikan sebagai
: the ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the
radiation intensity of a reference antenna.

rad
W r U
2
=
Let the time average Poynting vector (average power density) is defined by :
| |
*
Re
2
1
H E S =
W/m
2

Total power radiated
by the antenna :
}} }}
= = s d s d P

) ( Re
2
1
*
H E S
ds n
normal to
the surface
Over spherical
surface :
} }
=
tt
u | | u
| u u
2
0 0
2 * *
sin ) ( Re
2
1
d d r H E H E P
Recall in far field: and
u |
q
E H
1
=
| u
q
E H
1
=
then :
} }
O + =
tt
| u
q
2
0 0
2
2
2
) (
2
1
d r E E P
Radiation Intensity : the power radiated from an antenna
per solid angle
2 2 *
) , ( ) Re(
2
1
r r r | u S H E U = =
or
}}
= d U P ) , ( | u
t
| u
t 4
) , (
4
1 P
d U U
ave
= O =
}}
By definition : Average
radiation intensity :
Average power
per stedadian
Directivity : Directivity is defined as the ratio of the radiation
intensity in a certain direction to the average radiation intensity
ave
U
U
D
) , (
) , (
| u
| u =
P
U
U
U
D
ave
max max
max
4 | t
= =
2
) , ( ) , ( | u | u F U U
m
=
Beam solid
angle :
A
O
Recall
then :
therefore :
hence :
}}
O = d F U P
m
2
) , ( | u
A
m
m
d F U
U
D
O
=
O
=
}}
t
| u
t 4
) , (
4
2
max
}}
O = O d F
A
2
) , ( | u
For ideal isotropic
antenna:
1 ) , (
2
= | u F
t 4 = O
A
and
1
4
4
max
= =
t
t
D
or
1 =
antenna
isotropic
D
normalized
power
pattern
4. Gain
Gain mempunyai kaitan erat dengan directivy dimana
pada gain, efisiensi antena ikut diperhitungkan. Pada
praktisnya besaran gain antena merupakan besaran
relatif terhadap acuan gain antena yang mudah
dihitung (standard) misalnya : antena dipole, antena
horn dan lain-lain.

Definisi relative gain adalah the ratio of the power
gain in its referenced direction to the power gain of a
reference antenna in its referenced direction.


Sedangkan power gain didefinisikan sebagai 4 t times the
ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the net
power accepted by the antenna from a connected
transmitter.



Karena daya yang dipancarkan sama dengan perkalian
antara efisiensi dengan daya yang masuk ke antena,
maka hubungan antara directivity dan gain adalah
sebagai berikut :

in
P
U
gain
) , (
4
| u
t =

Efesiensi antena disini merupakan efisiensi total
yang diperoleh sebagai akibat adanya rugi-
rugi ( losses) :

* karena mismatch antara saluran transmisi
dengan antena
* rugi-rugi pada konduktor, dan
* rugi-rugi pada bahan dielektrik

S = Power Density D = Directivity
Ps = Power Transmit G = Gain
in in
P
U
P
S r
G
max max
2
4 4 t t
= = Antenna Gain is defined as
Radiation efficiency
in
r
P
P
e =
D e G
r
=
G G
dB
log 10 =
D D
dB
log 10 =
P
U
D
max
max
4t
=
Antenna Gain
P
i
n
P
Gain & Aperture
p ap
A G
2
4

t
q =
p
A
ap
q
: Aperture area
: Aperture efficiency
p
A
Aperture antenna gain :
Efficiencies :

3 2 1
q q q q q
t ap
e =
e
t
q
4
q
2
q
1
q
3
q
: Radiation efficiency , : Aperture taper efficiency
: Random error efficiency
: Strut blockage efficiency
: Spillover efficiency ,
: Blockage efficiency ,

Gain Antena Mikrostrip S-Shaped Vs Frekuensi

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5,15 5,2 5,25 5,3 5,35 5,4 5,45 5,5 5,55 5,6 5,65 5,7 5,75 5,8 5,85 5,9 5,95
Frekuensi (GHz)
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
Gain Antena

5. Bandwidth
Didefinisikan sebagai : the range of frequencies
within which the perfomance of the antenna, with
respect to some characteristic, conform to
specified standard.

Narrowband Antenna, misalnya dipole, microstrip
dsb.


5. Bandwidth
Didefinisikan sebagai : the range of frequencies
within which the perfomance of the antenna, with
respect to some characteristic, conform to
specified standard.

Narrowband Antenna, misalnya dipole, microstrip
dsb.
Broadband antenna, misalnya log periodic
Bandwidth dinyatakan sebagai perbandingan
antara frekuensi atas dan frekuensi bawah dalam
level yang dapat diterima.


% 100

=
c
l h
f
f f
BW
dengan: f
h
= frekuensi tertinggi dalam band (GHz)
f
l
= frekuensi terendah dalam band (GHz)
f
c
= frekuensi tengah dalam band (GHz),
2
l h
c
f f
f
+
=
Bandwidth dinyatakan oleh beberapa nilai karakteristik
antena seperti input impedance (impedansi masukan),
pola radiasi, beamwidth (lebar berkas), polarisasi, gain
(penguatan), efisiensi pancaran, berada dalam level
yang dapat diterima disekitar pusat frekuensi.

Beberapa definisi dari bandwidth yang
berhubungan dengan antena mikrostrip adalah:
Impedance Bandwidth
Pattern bandwidth
Polarization atau axial ratio bandwidth
Frekuensi Resonansi
Frekuensi resonansi menunjukkan daerah
frekuensi dimana antena mikrostrip tersebut
bekerja. Frekuensi resonansi diukur dengan
menggunakan grafik VSWR dan return loss.
Dengan grafik VSWR, rentang frekuensi
resonansi diukur pada daerah dimana nilai
VSWR 2. Sedangkan dengan grafik return loss,
rentang frekuensi resonansi diukur pada daerah
dimana nilai return loss - 9.54 dB.
Return Loss
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
1
1
log 20
S
S
RL
S = VSWR antena
Return loss merupakan koefisien refleksi
dalam bentuk logaritmik yang menunjukkan
daya yang hilang karena antena dan saluran
transmisi tidak matching. Sehingga tidak
semua daya diradiasikan melainkan ada
yang dipantulkan balik.
6. Beamwidth
Half power beamwidth
10 dB beamwidth
3 dB beamwidth


Antenna Pattern
7. Polarization
Didefinisikan sebagai the polarization of the
radiated wave, when the antenna is excited.
Alternatively, the polarization of an incident
wave from the given direction which result in
maximum available power at the antenna
terminals.

Note : When the direction is not stated, the
polarization is taken to be the polarization in the
direction of maximum gain.

Linear polarization
Circular polarization
Elliptical polarization

Polarisasi Eliptis
Komponen E pada sumbu x dan y
Polarisasi Linear
Arah Putar (ellips)
searah jarum jam(kanan)
sebaliknya (kiri)
Polarization (1)
For a plane wave propagating in direction
z
Phasor :
z j
j
y
j
x
z j
y x
e e E y e E x e E y E x
y
x
|

|
+ = + = ) ( ) ( E
Instantaneous field :
| | ) cos(

) cos(

Re
y y x x
t j
z t E y z t E x e | e | e
e
+ + + = = E E
x
z
y
E
y
E
x
E Depending on the values of
and , the tip of vector may
trace many different paths
Polarization
designates the state
of this vector
x

E
Polarization (2)
State 1: Linear polarization (LP)
State 2: Right-Hand Circular
Polarization (RHCP)
State 3: Left-Hand Circular
Polarization (LHCP)
= =
y x
x
y
E
E
1
tan

=
2
t
=
x y
y x
E E =
2
t
+ =
x y
y x
E E =
Polarization (3)
State 4: Elliptical Polarization
x y
,
y x
E E ,
arbitrary
arbitrary
Let
For this arbitrary wave define
OB
OA
Ratio Axial = = AR
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
A

t
t cos
2
tan
2
1
2
2
2
1
y x
y x
E E
E E
y x
= A
s s AR 1
Major axis
Minor axis
Tilt angle
+ for RH polarization
- for LH polarization
Poincares Sphere (1)
Poincares sphere is a novel demonstration mechanism
to show various polarization states of waves
y
x
x
y
E
E
E
E
r
1 1
tan or tan

=
x y
o =
Define set ) , ( o r
o o
r 90 0 s s
o o
180 180 s s o
angle circle great 2 = r
Define set ) , ( t c
) ( cot
1
AR

= c
o
45 45 s s c
above) (see angle tilt = t
latitude 2 = c
latitude 2 = t
Poincares Sphere (2)
Poincares Sphere (3)
An interesting application
Antenna
:
a
P
Polarization
state of the
antenna
:
w
P
Polarization
state of the
wave
Incoming Waves
Voltage response of the antenna :
2
cos
a w
P P
C V
Z
=
C = Constant depending on antenna size, etc.
a w
a w
P P
P P
to on polarizati from
arc circle - great a by subtended Angle = Z
See example 4-12 & 4-13 in the book
8. Input Impedance

Didefinisikan sebagai the impedance presented
by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the
voltage to current at a pair of terminals of the
ratio of the appropriate components of the
electric to magnetic fields at a point.

Blok Diagram (a)Pengirim dan
(b)Penerima
Input Impedance of Antennas
We need signal source generator to sustain the
oscillation of the current on the antenna
Input impedance is defined: the impedance presented
by an antenna at its terminals
A
Z
g
Z
g
V
g
R
g
V
g
X
A
R
A
R
ohmic
R
g
I
A
B
L
G
r
G
g
B
g
G
a
b
a
b
a
b
generator
g
Z
radiated waves
A A A
jX R Z + =
ohmic r
R R +
radiation resistance
Thevenin Norton
Equivalent
Circuits :
Input Impedance of Antennas
) ( ) (
g A g ohmic r
g
g A
g
g
X X j R R R
V
Z Z
V
I
+ + + +
=
+
=
is the peak voltage Amp.
g
V
(
(

+ + + +
= =
2 2
2
2
) ( ) ( 2 2
1
g A g ohmic r
r
g
r g r
X X R R R
R
V
R I P
(
(

+ + + +
= =
2 2
2
2
) ( ) ( 2 2
1
g A g ohmic r
ohmic
g
ohmic g L
X X R R R
R
V
R I P
(
(

+ + + +
= =
2 2
2
2
) ( ) ( 2 2
1
g A g ohmic r
g
g
g g g
X X R R R
R
V
R I P
*
g A
Z Z =
g ohmic r
R R R = +
g A
X X =
Power delivered to the
antenna for radiation
Power dissipated as
heat on the antenna
Power dissipated as heat
on the internal resistance
of the generator
conjugate
As you know from circuit courses, the
maximum power is delivered to the
antenna when there is a conjugate
match,
or
Then
Input Impedance of Antennas
2
2
) ( 8
ohmic r
r
g
r
R R
R
V
P
+
=
2
2
) ( 8
ohmic r
ohmic
g
L
R R
R
V
P
+
=
g
g
ohmic r
g
g
g
R
V
R R
R
V
P
8 ) ( 8
2
2
2
=
+
=
, W
, W
, W
g ohmic r
R R R = +
L r g
P P P + =
L r
g
g g g
R R
V
I V P
+
= =
1
4 2
1
2
*
Under conjugate
match situation :
Recall
It is clear that
Power supplied by the
generator :
Observation : Under conjugate match condition, of the power that is
supplied by the generator, half is dissipated as heat in the internal
resistance and the other half is delivered to the antenna
g
R
, W