Neutralization & Salt

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
define neutralization differentiate main properties of acid and base list the applications of pH control in daily life define salt list the types of salt with example

describe the uses of salt

Definition of Neutralization

Water & Salt

Base/ alkali

Acid
Definitions:
A chemical substance which ionizes in water to

produce hydrogen ions, H+.

Properties:
Gives a sour taste
Have pH less than 7 Turn blue litmus to red.

Alkali
Definitions of Alkali:
A chemical substance which ionizes in water to

produce free mobile hydroxide ions, OH-.

Properties:
Gives a bitter taste & soapy feeling.
Have pH more than 7 Turn red litmus to blue.

Base vs Alkali
Base

Soluble in water

Insoluble in water

Alkali

Example of Neutralization
Acid H2SO4 (aq) Sulfuric acid CH3COOH (aq) Ethanoic Acid 2HNO3 (aq) Nitric acid + Base/Alkali 2KOH (aq) Potassium hydroxide NaOH (aq) Sodium hydroxide CuO (aq) Copper(II) oxide Salt + Water

K2SO4 (aq) Potassium sulfate CH3COONa (aq) Sodium ethanoate Cu(NO3)2 (aq) Copper(II) nitrate

H2O (l)

H2O (l)

H2O (l)

Applications of Neutralization

Neutralizatio n

Agriculture

To treat acidic soil - Plant cannot grow well in acidic soil. - Lime fertilizers (powdered lime/limestone) added to the soil to neutralize the soil.

To treat basic soil - Treated by using compost of rotting vegetables / leaves. - rotting vegetables / leaves decomposes to liberate CO2 (g) acidic gas can neutralize the soil.

To make nitrogenous fertilizer (ammonium sulfate & ammonium nitrate) manufactured produced by neutralization.

Nitrogenous fertilizer
Sulfuric acid with ammonia solution: H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq)

Nitric acid with ammonia solution: HNO3 (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq)

Industries

Effluent = liquid waste materials that come out of factories.

To treat acidic effluents

Effluents from electroplating contain acid H2SO4 Treated by adding lime to neutralize before it is discharged into rivers and stream.

To treat acidic gas

Energy industry power station burn fossil fuels (coal) to produce electricity. The burning of fossil fuels will liberate SO2 (g) as an acidic pollutant in the air. Hence power station used powdered lime/limestone for neutralization prevent pollution. To prevent coagulation of latex Rubber industry ammonia solution used to prevent coagulation of latex. Ammonia solution neutralize lactic acid produced by bacteria in the latex.

To make detergent

Detergent is manufactured in industry through the neutralization of sulphonic acid with sodium hydroxide solution.

Treat gastric patient - Anti acid containing bases (Al(OH)3 & Mg(OH)2/ NaHCO3/CaCO3. - Used to neutralize the excess HCl in the stomach of the gastric solution.

Treat wasp stings - Wasp sting are alkaline in nature. - Vinegar is used to cure wasp stings because vinegar can neutralize the stings.

Health
Treat bee stings - Bee stings and ant bites are acidic in nature. They can be neutralized using alkaline medicine; baking powder.
Prevent tooth decay - Food stuck between gaps of teeth can be decomposed by bacteria to produce lactic acid.

- Acid react with enamel of the teeth trough neutralization to dissolve because enamel is base. - Hence, enamel of teeth destroyed by bacteria in mouth. - Toothpaste component base (Al(OH)3)

Meaning of Salt
In neutralization of an acid with a base, a salt is

formed together with water.

Salt = ionic compound consisting of a cation

(metal ion/ammonium ion) which originate from a base that combines with an anion which originates from an acid.

Types of Salt
Salt

Soluble

Insoluble

Can dissolve in water at room temperature

Cannot dissolve in water at room temperature.

Solubility of salt
Salts
Nitrate salts Carbonate salts

Soluble
All nitrate salts Potassium - K2CO3, Sodium - Na2CO3, Ammonium (NH4)2CO3 All other chloride salts

Insoluble
None All other carbonate salts

Chlorides calts

Lead PbCl2, Silver- AgCl Barium BaSO4, Lead PbSO4, Calcium CaSO4

Sulfate salts

All other Sulfate salts

Applications of Salts

Salt

Agriculture uses of Salt

Synthetic fertilizer
Most of the synthetic fertilizer are salt. Ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium chloride, NPK fertilizer.

Inorganic pesticides

To destroy/kill insects, weeds, pests, fungi. Copper(II) sulfate, iron(II) sulfate, mercury(I) chloride, sodium asenate and sodium chlorate (v)

Increase the agriculture yield.

Medicinal uses of Salt

Salt Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate, (CaSO4)2.H2O Plaster of Paris Uses To make plaster cast supporting broken bones. A very hard substance when hydrated. Iron pills provide iron for patients who are suffering from anemia. Substituent for patient who need a low intake of sodium salts.

Iron(II) Sulfate Heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O Potassium Chloride, KCl

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, NaHCO3

Anti-acid neutralize the excess HCl in stomach of a gastric patient.

Examining a patient who is suspect of having

Barium Sulfate, BaSO4

Salt uses in Food Industry

Preparation of food
NaCl - flavoring - give salty taste

Preservation of food
Sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium nitrate

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) flavoring give nice & sweet taste Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate baking powder in the hot wet mixture with acid, release CO2 (g) slowly make the cake rise. Food can be kept longer without getting spoit.

Salt uses in Chemical Industry

Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl

Bleaching agent Disinfectant Toothpaste Water Fluoridation Washing soda Make soda lime glass

Tin(II) Fluoride, SnF2 Sodium Carbonate decahydrate, Na2CO3.10H2O

Summary
Neutralization Salt

Definition

Definition

Acid/base

Soluble/insoluble

Application

Application