Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate

Chapter 6: Skeletal System, Bones and Joints Articulations

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 2.1

Articulations or Joints
Where 2 bones attach Functions of joints
Hold bones together Allow for mobility

Joints may be classified:

Functionally Structurally
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Slide 5.43

Structural Classification of Joints

Fibrous joints
Collagenous fibers

Cartilaginous joints
Hyaline or fibrous cartilage

Synovial joints
Fluid-filled cavity lined with membrane
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.45

Functional Classification of Joints

Synarthrosis immovable joint,usually

fibrous

Amphiarthrosis slightly movable joint, usually cartilaginous Diarthrosis freely movable joint,
usually synovial
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.44

Fibrous Joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Examples
Sutures

Figure 5.27d, e
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Slide 5.46

Cartilaginous Joints
Bones connected by cartilage

Examples
Intervertebral joints Pubic symphysis

Figure 5.27b, c
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Slide 5.47

Synovial Joints
Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity

Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

Figure 5.27fh
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.48

Features of Synovial Joints

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid

Ligaments reinforce the joint

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.49

Features of Synovial Joints

Articular cartilage Articular capsule Synovial fluid
Fig. 6.38

Slide 5.49

Ligaments
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Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint

Bursa flattened fibrous sac
Lined with synovial membranes

Filled with synovial fluid

Not actually part of the joint

Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.50

The Synovial Joint

Figure 5.28
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Slide 5.51

Types of Synovial Joints

Figure 5.29ac
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Slide 5.52a

Types of Synovial Joints

Figure 5.29df
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Slide 5.52b

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints: FYI

Bursitis inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.53

Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI

Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes

Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints Often leads to deformities
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.54a

Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI

Slide 5.54a

Rheumatoid arthritis:
A) superficial view B) color-enhanced x-ray

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI

Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood Genetic pre-disposition Can usually be controlled with diet, medication

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 5.54b