Affect of Noise in Communication and Propagation Delay

Nawaraj Pokhrel

Noise

Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver Thermal

Due to thermal agitation of electrons Uniformly distributed White noise

Intermodulation

Signals that are the sum and difference of original frequencies sharing a medium

Noise
Crosstalk
A

signal from one line is picked up by another

Impulse
Irregular

pulses or spikes e.g. External electromagnetic interference Short duration High amplitude

Affect of Noise in Communication

Thermal

Noise

-cannot be eliminated and therefore places

an upper bound on communications system performance
Intermodulation

Noise

-produces signals at a frequency that is the

sum or difference of the two original frequencies or multiples of those frequencies.

 Crosstalk

-a signal from one line is picked up by

another
Impulse

Noise

-a minor annoyance for analog data

-primary source of error in digital data communication

Propagation delay

Propagation is defined as the process of transmission of signal through either guided or unguided media. Delay is defined as delivering or receiving the signal not in the allocated time. Velocity of propagation of a single through a guided medium varies with frequency. When the signal fails to reach to its destination, then it is known as propagation delay.
7

Propagation delay (contd..)

Throughput is the measurement of how fast data can pass through a point. In other words, if we consider any point in the transmission medium as a wall through which bits pass, throughput is the number of bits that can pass this wall in one second. Propagation speed measures the distance a signal or a bit can travel through a medium in one second.
8

Propagation delay (contd..)

Propagation time is the measurement of the time required for a signal (or a bit) to travel from one point of the transmission medium to another. The propagation time is calculated by dividing the distance by the propagation speed.
Propagation time = Distance / Propagation speed

Propagation times are usually normalized to kilometers.

9

Causes of propagation delay

Collision with the electrons in the guided media. Connection problem Interfacing with the various components in the transmission problem Incompatible devices used in the communication process Poor refractive index of the material used in the optical fiber optics Etc are the some of the causes that assures the propagation delay in the communication process.
10

Channel capacity in Noise:

For a noiseless channel:

C = 2B log2 M

Where C= channel capacity B= Bandwidth M= No. of Levels

For a noise channel:

C = B log2 (1 + S/N) Where C= channel capacity B= Bandwidth S/N= Signal to Noise ration

11