Paul University Philippines Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES College of Medical Technology
DAY 1
Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the
pharmacology Identify drug sources and provide an example of each Compare the significance of the drug nomenclature Identify controlled substances and pregnancy classifications 6/5/12 Describe the physical and chemical
mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects and fate of drugs in animals and humans. It is concerned with the effects of drugs on living systems or their constituent components such as cells, cell membranes, cell organelles, enzymes and even 6/5/12 DNA.
Medical Pharmacology
is the science dealing with substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases i.e. studying their nature, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic uses, adverse reactions, preparations and administration.
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Clinical Pharmacology
Study of drugs in humans This discipline includes study of drugs in patients as well as in healthy volunteers.
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Pharmacogenetics
This is the study of genetic influences on responses to drugs e.g. Familial idiosyncratic drug reactions ( affected individuals show an abnormal adverse response to a class of drug.) How each individual will respond to specific drugs
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Pharmacogenomics
It is the use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis. On this principle, discovering which specific gene variations are associated with a good or poor therapeutic response to a particular drug should enable individual tailoring of therapeutic choices on the basis of an individuals genotype.
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Pharmacoepidemiol ogy
This is the study of drug effects at the
population level. It is concerned with the variability of drug effects between individuals in a population and between populations. Variability between individuals or populations has an adverse effect on the utility of a drug, even though its mean effect level may be satisfactory.
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Pharmacoeconomic s
This branch of health economics aims to
quantify in economic terms the cost and benefit of drugs used therapeutically. As with the pharmacoepidemiology, regulatory authorities are increasingly requiring economic analysis, as well as evidence of individual benefit, when making decisions on licensing.
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Pharmacodynamics
Study of the biochemical and
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Pharmacokinetics
Study of the fate of a drug
absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion of drugs
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Pharmacotherapy
It is the use of drug treatment to cure a disease, delay a disease progression, alleviate the sign and / or symptoms of a disease, or facilitate non-pharmacologic therapeutic intervention as the use of general anesthesia prior and during major surgery.
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Pharmacognosy
Study of drugs derived from herbal and other natural sources
Toxicology
study of poisons and poisonings Deals with the toxic effects of substances on the living organisms
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Drugs
Any chemical substance that affects living systems by changing their structure or function.
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History
Early Civilizations
Disease was viewed with great superstition Prevention and treatment often directed to
driving away evil spirits and invoking magical powers Primitive cultures began to experiment plants Discovery of the first medicinal agents (alcohol and opium) Poisons to coat the tips of arrows and spears of ancient warriors (CURARE)
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History
Ancient Egypt
Cradle of pharmacology EBES PAPYRUS (written more than 3,000
years ago) listed more than 700 different remedies used to treat specific ailments HIPPOCRATES declared in Greece that knowledge about health and disease could only come through the study of natural laws leading to first systematic dissections of the human body.
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History
First Century
DIOSCORIDES prepared De Materica Medica
16th Century
PARACELSUS Swiss scientist who first
advocated the use of single drugs rather than mixtures All things are poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing a poison. FATHER OF PHARMACOLOGY 6/5/12
History
17th Century
WILLIAM HARVEY English Physiologist first
began to explain how drugs exert their beneficial or harmful effects First demonstrated the circulation of blood in the body and introduced a new way of administration - INTRAVENOUS
Bernard (French Physiologists) demonstrated that certain drugs work at specific sites of action within the body
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History
Golden Age of Pharmacolog
Ehrlichs Discovery of Antibiotics Banting and Bests Discovery of
Insulin
THOUSANDS OF DRUGS
2Preventative:
vaccine, Flu vaccine. 3Diagnostic: Help determine disease presence e.g. Radioactive dyes. 4Curative: Eliminate the cause of the disease e.g. antibiotics. 5Health Maintenance: Drugs for weight control. 6Contraceptive: 6/5/12
members of health care team must exercise care to promote therapeutic effects and minimize drug induced harm
Safety
Contraindications Adverse drug reactions interactions with other drugs & food Route & dosage Other Cost availability of the drug Patient compliance Risk-benefit ratio 6/5/12
Concept no 1
Almost ALL DRUGS ARE POISONS The only thing that determines if a drug provides a benefit or kills a patient is how we administer it
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To achieve drug concentrations at the site of action (target tissue)that are sufficiently high enoughto produce the intended effect without producing adverse drug
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Classification of Drugs
Therapeutic Classification
Is based on what the drug does clinically For example: Anticoagulants Antidepressants Antineoplastics
Pharmacologic Classification
More specific than therapeutic classification Requires understanding of biochemistry and physiology Based on how the drug produces its effect at molecular, tissue, or body-systems level e.g. Calcium-channel blockers Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). 6/5/12
Mechanism
B-lactam antibiotics
Chemistry Spectrum
Sources of Drugs
I-Natural: either
A- Organic:
Plants: alkaloids, glycosides, oils
(fixed or volatile),.. Animals: e.g. hormones, vitamins, vaccines and heparin. Micro-organisms: e.g. antibiotics as penicillin.
B-Inorganic:
minerals as iron, calcium &
antacids.
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Sources of Drugs
II- Synthetic:
A-Chemical synthesis: e.g. salicylates. B-Biological synthesis: by recombinant
DNA technology; insertion of the desired DNA into another DNA of a living cell to form recombinant DNA e.g. human insulin.
III- Semisynthetic:
As morphine derivatives, and some penicillin preparations.
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-Chemical structure: most are weak acids or bases. -Drug Size & Mol. Wt: Some are small simple molecules, others complex structures , Most drugs have molecular weights between 100 and 1,000 some drugs are chairal: L or D isomers.
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Drug Nomenclature
Chemical Name - describe chemical
structure (rarely seen in medical literature) Code Name - short letter-number combination used for experimental drugs Generic Name - a name assigned to drug that can be used by anyone (not proprietary) Trade Name - Proprietary name
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Example: Chemical name: 3-(10,11dihydro-5H-dibenz[b.f]-azepin-5yl) propyldimethylamine. Generic name: imipramine. Brand name: tofranil.
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acetylsalicyclic aspirin
Ecotrin
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Pregnancy Classifications
ANo risk demonstrated to the fetus in any
trimester BNo adverse effects in animalsno human studies C-Only given after risks to the fetus are consideredanimal studies show adverse reactions DDefinite fetal risks. Only given in life threatening situations XAbsolute fetal abnormalities
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Parenteral Administration
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Others
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Others
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