Unit 2

Force

Force push or pull

a force always acts in a certain direction
ex. if you push something, the force is in the direction of the push

Forces in Nature
Electric force
ex. lightning

Magnetic force
ex. magnetic poles

Gravity

Weight is a force

Newton
metric unit of force

What is gravity?
Sir Isaac Newton
1642 1727 The Principia

Gravity
force of attraction between all objects in the universe

Gravity
the larger an objects mass, the greater the gravitational force

Gravity
the greater the distance between two objects, the smaller the gravitational force
the force of gravity decreases by the amount equal to one divided by the distance (d) squared
1/d2

What is air resistance?

air resistance
force that opposes the movement of an object in air

Air Resistance
a larger surface area usually results in greater air resistance lighter objects feel more air resistance than heavier objects

Terminal Velocity
speed at which air resistance and gravity acting on an object are equal
as an object falls, its speed increases at a steady rate until it reaches its terminal velocity

Vacuum empty space

in a vacuum, all objects fall at the same speed

What is friction?
Friction
force that opposes the motion of an object
the force of friction works in the opposite direction of the force of motion

Types of Friction
Sliding Friction
the source of friction is the contact between two surfaces, at least one of which is in motion

Types of Friction
Air Resistance
friction results from air pushing on an object as it is moving

Types of Friction
Rolling Friction
friction between two surfaces that are not in constant contact
ex. wheels

Friction
friction makes motion possible
friction also makes it hard to move objects

reducing friction makes it easier to move objects

How can friction be reduced?

by changing sliding friction into rolling friction
by using lubricants
Lubricants substances that reduce friction

What is pressure?
Pressure
force per unit area

Pressure
pressure is the amount of force acting on a surface pressure equals force divided by area
p = f/a

Pressure
pressure can be changed by changing the amount of force acting on an area
pressure can be changed by changing the area on which a force acts

Fluid Pressure
pressure in gases and liquids

Air Pressure
air pressure is caused by the motion of particles in the air
you do not feel the weight of the air because the pressure inside your body is equal to the air pressure around you

Air Pressure
air pressure changes with altitude
the higher you are, the lower the air pressure

Air Pressure
Barometer
instrument used to measure air pressure

Water Pressure
the force of water pressure on an object is the same in all directions water pressure changes with depth
the deeper you are, the greater the water pressure

Water Pressure
Manometer
instrument used to measure pressure in a liquid

What is Bernoullis principle?

Bernoullis Principle
principle that states that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases

Bernoullis Principle
airplane wings are designed to use Bernoullis principle
air traveling over the wings moves faster than air underneath this reduces the pressure on top of the wing, allowing it to be pushed upward

Bernoullis Principle
three forces combine to help an airplane fly
the upward force on a planes wing is called lift a forward force, or thrust, helps the plane take off and maintain air speed the air resistance on a plane is called drag