Biochemistry Enzymes

By Ubaidullah B.Sc.N IMHT

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ENZYMES
They are proteins produced by the living cells, which are capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction in a living organism to yield specific product with out getting used up. Or They are proteins with catalytic properties due to its power of specific activation.
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Continued,
Catalyst: The agent which in minute
amounts increase the velocity of a reaction without appearing in the end product of the reaction. Substrate: The compound on which the enzymes acts is called its substrates.

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Classification of Enzymes
Enzymes are classified in to six major
groups. 1- Oxidoreductase: The enzymes that are involved in the oxidation and reduction of their substrates. 2- Transferases: The enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a particular group from one substrate to another.
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Classification of Enzymes
3- Hydrolases: The enzymes that bring about

hydrolysis. 4- Lyases: The enzymes that facilitate the removal of small molecule from a large substrate. 5- Isomerase: The enzymes that are involved in isomerization of substrate. 6- Ligases: The enzymes that are involved in joining together two substrates.
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Mechanism of action of enzymes

The active site of enzyme molecule (E)
first binds with the substrate molecule (S) to form an enzyme-substrate complex (ES), which is converted to enzymeproduct (EP) which then split in to product and enzyme. E+S E-S E-P E+P

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Effects of PH and Temperature

There are 4 main factors which affect the
activity of enzyme.

Concentration PH Temperature Time

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Effects of concentration
Substrate concentration: The rate of
reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration. Enzyme concentration: The velocity of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of enzyme.

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Effects of PH and Temperature

Every enzyme requires a specific PH for its

maximum activity. High or low PH, both may denature the enzyme. Each enzyme is most active at a specific temperature which is called optimum temperature. The activity of enzyme progressively decreases when the temperature of reaction is below or above the optimum temperature, however, increase in temperature also called penetration of enzyme.
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Effects of Time
The time required for completion of an
enzyme reaction increases with decreases in temperature from its optimum. However, under the optimum conditions of PH and Temperature, time required for enzymatic reaction is less.

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Apoenzyme, Co-enzyme, Holoenzyme & Co-factor

Co-factor: They are the non-protein inorganic
substances, which are required by the enzymes for their activity. These are usually metals. They cant be dialyzed. Co-enzymes: They are non-protein organic substances, usually the derivatives of vitamins especially B complex, which are required by the enzyme for their activity. They can be dialyzed out.
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Continued,
Apoenzyme: The protein part of
Holoenzyme. In the absence of appropriate co-enzyme, apoenzyme typically does not show biological activity. Holoenzyme: Apoenzyme + Co-enzyme is known as Holoenzyme.

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Inhibitors and Activators

The substances that inactivate the
enzymes are called inhibitors. The substances that modify or activate the enzyme activity are called activators.

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Competitive inhibitors or reversible inhibition

The inhibitor resembles the substrate.
Inhibitor binds reversibly to the active site, which the substrate normally occupy. Therefore the inhibitors competes with the substrate for the active site and blocks the formation of enzyme substrate complex. Dilution the enzyme inhibitors complex by increasing the amount of substrate will resume the enzyme activity.
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Non-competitive or irreversible inhibition

The inhibitor does not resemble the substrate.
The inhibitor does not combine to the enzyme at its active site but combines at some other site, like, site for co-factor or co-enzyme. It result in change of 3-dimentional structure of active site thus making it impossible for enzyme to make ES complex. Dilution the enzyme inhibitors complex by increasing the amount of substrate concentr5ation will not resume the enzyme activity.
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Un-competitive inhibition
That type of inhibition in which the
inhibitor does not combine with the free enzyme, but it combines only with ES complex. This results in stoppage of enzyme activity and the products of reaction are not generated.

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