General Chemistry (MF 001)

Chapter 2: Mole, Chemical Formula, Chemical Equation and Ideal Gas Law

MF001

Chapter 2: Mole, Chemical Formula, Chemical Equation and Ideal Gas Law

2.1 Mole Molar mass and interconversion of mole and mass 2.2 Chemical formula Empirical, molecular and structural formulae 2.3 Chemical equation 2.4 Stoichiometry 2.5 Ideal gas and the ideal gas law 2.6 Standard temperature and pressure

The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles

Dozen = 12

Pair = 2

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C 1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023 Avogadros number (NA)

eggs Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams marbles atoms 1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g 1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities 1 mol

no. of grams no. of grams Mass (g) = no. of moles x 1 mol 6.022x1023 entities 1 mol 1 mol No. of moles = no. of entities x 6.022x1023 entities

No. of moles = mass (g) x

No. of entities = no. of moles x

 Example 1: What is the mass for He?

no. of grams Mass (g) = no. of moles x 1 mol

Mass He= 1 mol of He = 4.003g He = 1 mol He x 4.003g He 1 mol He = 4.003g He

 Example 2 How many mol of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?

No. of moles = mass (g) x 1 mol no. of grams

1 mol He =4.003g He = 6.46g He X 1 mol He 4.003g He = 1.613 mol He

 Example 3 How many atoms /entities of 6.46 g of He? Solution: 1)Find out the no. of moles 6.022x10 entities 2) No. of entities = no. of moles x
23

1 mol

Summary of Mass Terminology

Term Isotopic mass Atomic mass (also called atomic weight) Molecular (or formula) mass (also called molecular weight) Molar mass (M) (also called grammolecular weight) Definition Mass of an isotope of an element Average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element weighted according to their abundance Sum of the atomic masses of the atoms (or ions) in a molecule (or formula unit) Unit amu amu

amu

Mass of 1 mole of chemical entities (atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)

g/mol

Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of Glucose C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol)

Carbon (C) Atoms per molecule of compound Moles of atoms per mole of compound Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

6 atoms 6 moles of atoms

12 atoms 12 moles of atoms

6 atoms 6 moles of atoms

No. of atoms per mole of compound

Atomic mass per molecule of compound Mass per mole of compound

6(6.022 x 1023) atoms

6(12.01 amu) =72.06 amu 72.06 g

12(6.022 x 1023) atoms

12(1.008 amu) =12.10 amu 12.10 g

6(6.022 x 1023) atoms

6(16.00 amu) =96.00 amu 96.00 g

EXERCISE 1

How many moles of magnesium are there in 87.3g of Mg?

Chemical Formula
Shows the type and number of each atom present in each particle of a substance Example:

Substance Br2 Na2S2O3

Type of atom Br

Number of atom in each particle 2

Na, S and Na (2), S (2) and O O (3)

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Empirical Formula The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with the elemental analysis and gives rise to the smallest set of whole numbers of atoms. Example: CO2, H2O, C2H6O (ethanol)

Molecular Formula -

The formula of the compound as it exists, it may be a Simple multiple of the empirical formula. Example. 1) Butane Empirical formula: C2H5 Molecular formula: C4H10 2) Hydrogen peroxide Empirical Formula: HO Molecular Formula: H2O2

Sample Problem

Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses of Elements

PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed 2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and 7.83 g of O. What are the empirical formula and name of the compound? PLAN: Once we find the relative number of moles of each element, we can divide by the lowest mol amount to find the relative mol ratios (empirical formula). SOLUTION: 2.82 g Na mass(g) of each element divide by M(g/mol) amount(mol) of each element 4.35 g Cl mol Na

22.99 g Na
mol Cl 35.45 g Cl mol O 16.00 g O

= 0.123 mol Na

= 0.123 mol Cl

use # of moles as subscripts

preliminary formula change to integer subscripts empirical formula

7.83 g O

= 0.489 mol O
NaClO4

Na1 Cl1 O3.98

NaClO4 is sodium perchlorate.

 Exercise 2: (Empirical Formula) A 10.0 g sample of a compound contains 3.91 g of carbon, 0.87 g of hydrogen and the remainder is oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of this compound.

Your answer:

Sample Problem

Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass

PROBLEM: During physical activity, lactic acid (M=90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental analysis shows that this compound contains 40.0 mass% C, 6.71 mass% H, and 53.3 mass% O. (a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid. (b) Determine the molecular formula. PLAN: assume 100g lactic acid and find the mass of each element divide each mass by mol mass(M) amount(mol) of each element use # mols as subscripts preliminary formula convert to integer subscripts empirical formula molecular formula

divide mol mass by mass of empirical formula to get a multiplier

Sample Problem continued SOLUTION:

Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass

Assuming there are 100. g of lactic acid, the constituents are 6.71 g H X

40.0 g C X mol C
12.01g C = 3.33 mol C

mol H
1.008 g H

53.3 g O X

mol O
16.00 g O

= 6.66 mol H CH2O 90.08 g 3

= 3.33 mol O empirical formula

C3.33
3.33

H6.66 O3.33
3.33 3.33

molar mass of lactate

mass of CH2O

30.03 g

C3H6O3 is the molecular formula

Structural Formula _________________________

Shows the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them Useful because different compound can have the same empirical and molecular formulae E.g. C2H6O

 Expresses the identities and quantities of the substances involved in a chemical reaction Must be balanced, i.e. the number and type of atoms must be the same on both sides of the equation Must specify the physical state of reactants and products - Solid (s) - Liquid (l) - Gas (g) - Aqueous (aq)

translate the statement

balance the atoms

adjust the coefficients

check the atom balance

specify states of matter

Sample Problem

Balancing Chemical Equations

PROBLEM:

Within the cylinders of a cars engine, the hydrocarbon octane (C8H18), one of many components of gasoline, mixes with oxygen from the air and burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. SOLUTION: C8H18 + O2 CO2 + H2O

PLAN:

translate the statement

balance the atoms adjust the coefficients check the atom balance

C8H18 + 25/2 O2 2C8H18 + 25O2 2C8H18 + 25O2 2C8H18(l) + 25O2 (g)

8 CO2 + 9 H2O 16CO2 + 18H2O 16CO2 + 18H2O 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)

specify states of matter

 Exercise 2: (Chemical Equation) A) Write the chemical equation of this chemical reaction. Liquid hexane(C6H14) burns in oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor.

Solution:

2C6H14(l) + 19O2(g) 12CO2(g) + 14H2O(g)

 Study of the quantitative aspect of chemical formulae and reactions Stoichiometric coefficient: Numerical multiplier in a chemical equation Stoichiometric equivalent: - Reacts, produces or formed from - E.g. C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l) 1 mol C3H8 is stochiometrically equivalent to 3 mol CO2

Example:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20
Given the mass for C6H12O6 is 856g.

1) Find the moles of C6H12O6.

Solution: Convert grams of C6H12O6 to moles of C6H12O6. = 856.g C6H12O6 x 1 mol C6H12O6 180.2 g C6H12O6
= 4.750 mol C6H12O6

2 ) What is the moles number of CO2 formed?

Solution: From the mole ratio, 1 mole of C6H12O6 ~ 6 moles of CO2. Therefore no of moles of CO2 formed is; = 4.750 moles C6H12O6 X 6 moles of CO2 1 mole of C6H12O6 = 28.50 moles of CO2

 3) What is the mass of CO2 formed? Solution: = 28.50 mole CO2 x 44.01 g CO2 1 mole of CO2
= 1.25 X 103 g CO2

Ideal Gas
A hypothetical gas that exhibits simple linear relationship among volume, pressure, temperature and amount Although ideal gas does not exist, most simple gasses such as H2, N2 and O2 show ideal behaviour at ordinary temperature and pressure

Ideal Gas Law

Combination of: - Boyles law (V 1/P) - Charless law (V T) - Avogadros law (V n) Hence, - PV nT - PV = nRT

Standard Temperature and Pressure

STP: - T = 0 oC (273.15 K) - P = 1 atm (1.01 105 Pa)

The volume of 1 mol of an ideal gas at STP is called the standard molar volume Standard molar volume = 22.4 dm3

 Sample problem: Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless,odorless,very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure(in atm) exerted by 1.82 moles of gas in a steel vessel of volume 5.43 L at 69.5 degree celsius. Plan: The problem gives the amount of gas and its volume and temperature. Is the gas undergoing a change in any of its properties? What equation should we use to solve for the pressure? What temperature unit should we use? Solution: Because no changes in gas properties occur, we can use the ideal gas equation to calculate the pressure.

R=PV nT Rearrange the equation above: P= nRT v = (1.82mol)(0.082Latm/Kmol))(69.5+273)K 5.43 L = 9.42 atm

EXERCISES
1. How many moles of calcium (Ca) atoms are in 77.4 g of Ca? [Atomic mass: Ca: 40.08 amu]

2. How many atoms are in 4.39 g of CO2? [Atomic mass: C:12.01 amu, O: 16.00 amu]
3. The percent composition by mass of tartaric acid is: 32.01% C, 4.03% H, and 63.96% O. Given that the molecular mass of tartaric acid is 150 amu, determine its molecular formula. [Atomic mass: H: 1.008 amu]

4.
5.

Balance the following chemical equation: C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O.

An iron bar weighed 664 g. After the bar had been standing in moist air for a month, exactly one-eighth of the iron turned to rust (Fe2O3). Calculate the final mass of the rust. [ Fe: 55.85 amu]

6.

Determine the number of moles of water produced by the reaction of 155 g of ammonia.[ N:14.01 amu]
4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O