AIR STANDARD CYCLES

Constant Specific Heat

1. OTTO CYCLE
OTTO CYCLE
Efficiency is given by


Efficiency increases with increase in
compression ratio and specific heat ratio
() and is independent of load, amount of
heat added and initial conditions.

1
1
1

=

q
r


r
q
1 0
2 0.242
3 0.356
4 0.426
5 0.475
6 0.512
7 0.541
8 0.565
9 0.585
10 0.602
16 0.67
20 0.698
50 0.791
CR from 2 to 4, efficiency is 76%
CR from 4 to 8 efficiency is 32.6
CR from 8 to 16 efficiency 18.6

OTTO CYCLE
Mean Effective Pressure
It is that constant pressure which, if exerted
on the piston for the whole outward stroke,
would yield work equal to the work of the
cycle. It is given by

2 1
3 2
2 1
V V
Q
V V
W
mep

q
OTTO CYCLE
Mean Effective Pressure
We have:



Eq. of state:

To give:

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
V
V
V
V V V
1
1
1
1
1
2
1 2 1
1
1 0
1
p
T
m
R
M V =
r
T MR
m p
Q
mep
1
1
1 0
1
3 2

=

q
OTTO CYCLE
Mean Effective Pressure
The quantity Q
2-3
/M is heat added/unit mass
equal to Q, so

r
T R
m p
Q
mep
1
1
1 0
1

'
=q
OTTO CYCLE
Mean Effective Pressure
Non-dimensionalizing mep with p
1
we get




Since:

(

'
(
(
(

=
1 0 1
1
1
1
T R
m Q
r
p
mep
q
( ) 1
0
=
v
c
m
R
OTTO CYCLE
Mean Effective Pressure
We get



Mep/p
1
is a function of heat added, initial
temperature, compression ratio and
properties of air, namely, c
v
and

| | 1
1
1
1
1 1

'
=

q
r
T c
Q
p
mep
v
Choice of Q
We have


For an actual engine:


F=fuel-air ratio, M
f
/M
a

M
a
=Mass of air,
Q
c
=fuel calorific value
M
Q
Q
3 2
=
'
cycle kJ in Q FM
Q M Q
c a
c f
/
3 2
=
=

Choice of Q
We now get:





Thus:


M
Q FM
Q
c a
=
'
r V
V V
And
V
V V
M
M
Now
a
1
1
1
2 1
1
2 1
=

~
|
.
|

\
|
=
'
r
FQ Q
c
1
1
Choice of Q
For isooctane, FQ
c
at stoichiometric conditions is
equal to 2975 kJ/kg, thus
Q = 2975(r 1)/r
At an ambient temperature, T
1
of 300K and c
v
for
air is assumed to be 0.718 kJ/kgK, we get a
value of Q/c
v
T
1
= 13.8(r 1)/r.
Under fuel rich conditions, = 1.2, Q/ c
v
T
1
=
16.6(r 1)/r.
Under fuel lean conditions, = 0.8, Q/ c
v
T
1
=
11.1(r 1)/r
OTTO CYCLE
Mean Effective Pressure
Another parameter, which is of importance, is
the quantity mep/p
3
. This can be obtained
from the following expression:
1
1 1
1
1
1 3
+
'
=

r T c
Q
r p
mep
p
mep
v
Air Standard Cycles



2. DIESEL CYCLE
Diesel Cycle
Thermal Efficiency of cycle is given by



r
c
is the cut-ff ratio, V
3
/V
2

We can write r
c
in terms of Q:

( )
(

=

1
1 1
1
1
c
c
r
r
r
q

1
1
1
+
'
=

r T c
Q
r
p
c
We can write the mep formula for the diesel
cycle like that for the Otto cycle in terms of
the , Q, , c
v
and T
1
:
| | 1
1
1
1
1 1

'
=

q
r
T c
Q
p
mep
v
Diesel Cycle
We can write the mep in terms of , r and r
c
:



The expression for mep/p
3
is:

( ) ( )
( )( ) 1 1
1 1
1


=

r
r r r r
p
mep
c c
|
.
|

\
|
=

r p
mep
p
mep 1
1 3
Air Standard Cycle



3. DUAL CYCLE
Dual Cycle
The Efficiency is given by



We can use the same expression as before to
obtain the mep.
To obtain the mep in terms of the cut-off and
pressure ratios we have the following
expression

( ) ( )
(
(

+

=

1 1
1
1
1
1
c p p
c p
r r r
r r
r
q

Dual Cycle



For the dual cycle, the expression for mep/p
3

is as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) 1 1
1 1 1
1

+
=

r
r r r r r r r r
p
mep
c p p c p
Dual Cycle



For the dual cycle, the expression for mep/p
3

is as follows:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) 1 1
1 1 1
1

+
=

r
r r r r r r r r
p
mep
c p p c p
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
1
1 3
p
p
p
mep
p
mep
Dual Cycle
We can write an expression for r
p
the pressure
ratio in terms of the peak pressure which is
a known quantity:



We can obtain an expression for r
c
in terms of
Q and r
p
and other known quantities as
follows:
|
.
|

\
|
=

r p
p
r
p
1
1
3
Dual Cycle



We can also obtain an expression for r
p
in
terms of Q and r
c
and other known
quantities as follows:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(
(

)
`

'
=

1
1 1
1
1

p v
c
r r T c
Q
r

+
(

+
'
=

c
v
p
r
r T c
Q
r
1
1
1
1
The Miller Cycle
Introduced by Ralph Miller in the 1940s
It is a modified Otto Cycle that improves
fuel efficiency by 10%-20%. It relies on a
supercharger/turbocharger, and takes
advantage of the superchargers greater
efficiency at low compression levels.
This is applicable for the late closing cycle.
Miller cycle
Atkinson cycle
Also called a complete expansion cycle
Expansion ratio is larger than compression
ratio
Gives higher efficiency than corresponding
Otto cycle engine
Takes in lesser charge than a similar Otto
cycle engine
( )
( )
) 52 ( 1
2 3
1 4
T T c
T T c
v
p
th

=
'
q
) 53 (
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
4
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
'
T
T
T
T
T
T
) 53 (
1
4
1
4
A r
V
V
T
T
v
= =
' '
) 54 (
2
3
2
3
p
r
p
p
T
T
= =
) 55 (
1
2
1
1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

r
V
V
T
T
( )
( )
) 56 (
1
1 1
1
1

=

p
v
th
r
r
r

q

( )
( )
) 57 (
1
1 1
1
1

=


q
v
v
e
th
r
r
r
r
e
is the expansion ratio, V
4
/V
3