4.

1 VARIOUS CARBON COMPOUND

Carbon compounds formed from the chemical combination of carbon with one or more of other elements. Classified into a)Organic compounds b)Inorganic compounds

Organic compounds Carbon compounds that originate from living things such as plants and animals Examples : milk, butter, rice, wood Inorganic compounds Compounds that originate from non-living things Examples : carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Obtained from living things INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Obtained from non-living things

Their molecules are made up of more carbon atoms Soluble in organic solvents such as petrol and alcohol
Flammable Generally have low melting points

Their molecules are made up of fewer carbon atoms Soluble in inorganic solvents such as water, acids and alkali Non-flammable
Generally have high melting points

HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbon a compound that consists of the elements carbon ( C ) and hydrogen ( H ) only. Examples : methane and candle wax

4.2 ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH

ALCOHOL Alcohols are organic compounds that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Examples : methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol.

Process of producing alcohol

Ethanol the only alcohol that is not poisonous and used in making alcoholic drinks. Ethanol is produced through fermentation. During fermentation, sugars or starch are converted into ethanol by the action of yeast. Yeast contains an enzyme, zymase, that helps to break down sugar to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. yeast Glucose Ethanol + Carbon dioxide ( zymase enzyme)

The process of fermentation

Distillation ( proses penyulingan)

Distillation ( proses penyulingan)

The alcohol obtained through fermentation is purified by distillation This process is made possible because there is a difference between the boiling point of ethanol ( 78C) and water (100C) Through distillation, ethanol of up to 96% purity can be obtained.

Characteristics of alcohol
Colourless liquid with a strong smell Highly volatile, it changes into vapour easily Soluble in water Combustible ; it burns in air with a clean blue flame to form carbon dioxide and water. When alcohol reacts with an organic acid, an ester and water are formed. This process called esterification.

Uses of alcohol
As organic solvent for substances such as paint, shellac, varnishes and nail polish. As an antiseptics to kill microorganisms As a fuel ethanol is a useful and clean fuel. Ethanol is mixed with petrol to produce gasohol that used in Brazil Making alcoholic drinks ethanol is used to make alcoholic drink.

Effects of alcohol on health

Part of the body Brain Lungs Liver Effects Brains cell killed, judgement impaiment, poor balance Breathing rate increased slightly Decomposition of alcohol takes place here, prolonged drinking of alcohol can damage the liver, causing cirrhosis of the liver Over-worked, more frequent urinating Difficult to focus

Bladder Eyes

Part of the Effects body Mouth More saliva is produced Heart

Stomach Kidneys Feet

Heart rate increased, blood pressure raised, heart rhythm disturbed The lining of stomach is stripped, leading to ulcers Over- worked, produced more waste
Sensation in the soles of the feet decreases

4.3 Fats and their effects on health

Fats Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Two types of fats : a)Saturated fats b)Unsaturated fats

The differences between saturated and unsaturated fats

Saturated fats Do not have double bonds between the carbon atoms Obtained from animals Exists as solids at room temperature Have higher melting points Have higher cholestrol content Unsaturated fats Have double bonds between the carbon atoms Obtained from plants Most exist as liquids at room temperature and are commonly known as oils Have lower melting points Have lower cholestrol content

4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS A polymer is a compound made up of a very long-chained molecule formed by many small molecules joined together in a long chain. The small molecules are called monomers. Two types of polymers are 1. Natural polymers 2. Synthetic polymers

Examples of polymer and monomer

Polymer starch Protein Rubber polythene Monomer glucose amino acid Isoprene ethene

Polymerisation and depolymerisation

Polymerisation is the process of joining many small molecules (monomers ) together in long chain to form very large molecules (polymers) Depolymerisation is the process of splitting a polymer into its monomers.

Natural polymers and synthetic polymers

Natural polymers are polymers that are obtained from plants or animals. Examples : latex, cotton, wool and wood. Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers. Examples : plastics, polyester and nylon

Natural rubber
Natural rubber is a type of natural polymer consisting of long chains of monomers. It is obtained from a milky secretion known as latex.

Characteristics of natural rubber 1. elastic 2. flexible 3. impermeable to air 4. Waterproof 5. Does not conduct electricity and heat 6. Cannot withstand heat- melt when heated

The action of acids on latex

Latex consists of long chains of molecules covered with a layer of protein that is negatively charged. The negatively charged molecules will repel each other. This will prevent the rubber molecules from coagulating

 When an acid such as ethanoic acid or formic acid added, coagulation will occur. How? The positive charged hydrogen ions of the acid will neutralise the negative charges of the layer of protein. These neutralised latex compounds will knock into one another to break open their layer of protein then join together to form rubber. Refer figure 4.10 page 103.

The action of ammonia on latex

Latex can also coagulate without the addition of an acid but by the action of bacteria in the latex. When ammonia is added, the coagulation is prevented.

Vulcanisation of rubber
Vulcanisation- process of heating rubber and sulphur together to produce vulcanised rubber.

Uses of vulcanised rubber

1. In tyres and tyre products 2. Raincoats 3. Gloves

Characteristics of vulcanised rubber

Stronger and more elastic More heat resistant absorb vibrations Expand and contract when the temperatures changes