Flow Measurement

Head flow meter -types

Orifice meter Venturimeter Flow nozzle Pitot tube

Pitot tube

Orifice meters
Head type meter used for large &medium pipes Orifice plate- inserted to pipe to create a partial restriction to flow Pressure before orifice plate rises and pressure after it reduces but velocity increases

Fig. 4.3.1 Orifice plate

Plat Orifice tipe eksentris dan segmental digunakan untuk mengukur aliran yang mengandung bahan-bahan padat Bila digunakan Plat Orifice tipe konsentris, timbul endapanendapan benda padat yang akan mengganggu pengukuran lubang kecil yang terletak pada bagian bawah, dibuat sedemikian rupa agar kesalahan pengukuran dapat diperkecil

Pemasangan tap (lubang) pengukuran untuk Plat Orifice:

a. Tap Vena Contracta

Pemasangan: Tap pertama dari Tap Vena Contracta diletakkan pada jarak 1 x D pipa sebelum orifice sedangkan tap kedua pada Vena Contracta.
Keuntungan : pengukurannya lebih teliti, karena mendapat tekanan diferensial yang lebih besar. Kerugian: tap harus dipasang pada pipa dengan tepat pada tempat Vena Contracta.

b. Tap Flange Pemasangan Tap Flange diletakkan simetris di kiri dan kanan orifice kira-kira sejauh satu inci. Keuntungan tap-tapnya dapat dipasang menjadi satu bagian dengan pipa tanpa mengganggu. Pipa dan Plat Orifice dapat digantikan tanpa harus mengubah letak tap. Kerugian hasil pengukuran yang kurang teliti, karena terdapat beda tekanan yang kecil

c. Tap Pipa

Pemasangan Tap pertama dari Tap Pipa diletakkan sejauh 2 x D sebelum orifice sedangkan tap kedua sejauh 3 x D sesudah orifice

d.Corner taps Static holes drilled one in the upstream and one in the downstream

flange, with the openings as close as

possible to the orifice plate.

e. Radius taps Static holes located one pipe diameter upstream and one-half pipe diameter downstream from the plate

Venturi meter

A venturi meter is a device for measuring the speed of a fluidwithin a pipe

Comparison
Venturi
High Capital Cost Low Operating Cost (good p recovery) Not Flexible ( fixed) Large Physical Size

Orifice
Low Capital Cost High Operating Cost (poor p recovery) More Flexibility (interchangeable) Compact

The standard Herschel-type venturi meter consists of a short length of straight tubing connected at either end to the pipe line by conical sections (see Fig. 10-15). Recommended proportions (ASME PTC, op. cit., p. 17) are entrance cone angle 1 = 21 2, exit cone angle 2 = 5 to 15, throat length = one throat diameter,and upstream tap located 0.25 to 0.5 pipe diameter upstream of the entrance cone.

Orifice Flowmeter

P1

P2

Flow

*Coefficient of discharge (Cd) for a given orifice type is a function of the Reynolds number NRe (based on orifice diameter and velocity) and diameter ratio . If the orifice and pressure tapsare constructed according to certain standard dimensions, quite accu-rate (about 0.4 to 0.8 percent error) values of Cd may be obtained