COMPUTER SCIENCE SEMINAR ON ARRAYS

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Overview

Motivation

Introduction to Arrays Declaring and referencing arrays For-loops and arrays Initializing Arrays
Arrays in Functions Arrays as function arguments

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Why Arrays ?

Need some way to hold onto all the individual data items after processing them Making individual identifiers x1, x2, x3,... is not practical or flexible The answer is to use an ARRAY!!!!!!!!!! A data structure - bigger than an individual variable or constant

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Objectives
In this seminar we will: Learn about arrays Explore how to declare and manipulate data into arrays Become familiar with the restrictions on array processing Discover how to pass an array as a parameter to a function

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Example: Ms. White's Test Score Analyzer

Problem: Ms. White needs to analyze students' test performance. She needs a program to display a name and let her enter the test score. Then it should compute and display the average. Finally it should give a report with names, scores, and deviation from the average.
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Motivation

Suppose we want to compute the average marks of 20 students. For doing that do we need to declare 20 variables mark1, mark2, , mark20? Do we need to write 20 couts and 20 cins? How about sorting a large number of ints? This is where arrays come in!

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Introduction to Arrays

Array definition:

A collection of data of same type where a data structure used to store objects of a particular type in contiguous memory locations.

First "aggregate" data type

Means "grouping" int, float, double, char are simple data types

Used for lists of like items

Test scores, temperatures, names, etc. Avoids declaring multiple simple variables Can manipulate "list" as one entity

Arrays allow us to randomly access this contiguous memory via indexing.

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Definition of an Array
An array is a fundamental data structure used to store objects of a particular type in contiguous memory locations. Arrays allow us to randomly access this contiguous memory via indexing.

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Array Usage

Powerful storage mechanism

Can issue command like:

"Display all elements of array score" "Fill elements of array score from user input" "Find highest value in array score" "Find lowest value in array score"

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C++ Arrays start at 0 !!!!!!!

Array indexes always start with zero! If we declare an array of n elements the last one is number n-1 Zero is "first" number to computer scientists If you try to access element number n it is an error! C++ will "let" you go beyond range Unpredictable results Compiler will not detect these errors! ARRAYS SEMINAR A SHUBHAM Up to programmerPRODUCTION TRIVEDI in range" to "stay 6/23/2012
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Arrays - Declaration
An

array consisting of 5 variables of type int is declared:

int score[5];

Such

a declaration creates 5 int type variables which are accessed as score[0], score[1], score[2], score[3], score[4] These are called indexed variables, also called subscripted variables. The number in the brackets is called an index or subscript. Array subscripts start at 0 and run to one less than size of the array, which is 4. Be careful not to confuse the size in a declaration of an array with the index value in an array reference.

int score[size]; score[index]; // 0 <= index < size

It

is possible to declare arrays along with ordinary variables: int next, score[5], max;
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Array Initialization

With simple variables

Arrays can be initialized while they are being declared Not necessary to specify the size of the array

When initializing arrays while declaring them

Size of array is determined by the number of initial values in the braces For example: double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68};

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To make things easier.

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Array Program Example: Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (1 of 2)

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Array Program Example: Display 5.1 Program Using an Array (2 of 2)

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for-loops with Arrays

Natural counting loop Naturally works well "counting through" elements of an array Example: for (idx = 0; idx<5; idx++) { cout << score[idx] << "off by " << max score[idx] << endl; } Loop control variable (idx) counts from 0 5
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Multidimensional Arrays

Arrays studied so far have one dimension length It is also possible to define arrays with more than one dimension Two dimensional arrays can store values arranged in rows and columns Three dimensional arrays can store values arranged in rows, columns, and ranks (or pages)
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Sample Problem:

Consider a trucking business with centers in 6 cities. The owner requires a computerized mileage chart for the drivers Given any of the two cities, the program must display the approximate mileage between them

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Program Behavior

Display a numbered menu of cities Read the numbers of two cities from keyboard Look up mileage between the cities in a two dimensional table of values Display the mileage

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Objects
Objects Menu of cities Kind constant Type String Name CITY_MENU

Number of 1st city Number of 2nd city

Mileage chart The mileage
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varying
varying constant varying

int
int int[][] int

city1
city2 MILEAGE_CHART mileage
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Algorithm

Define
MILEAGE_CHART (2D array) CITY_MENU (list of supported cities)

Display CITY_MENU Read two integers from keyboard into city1 and city2 Calculate mileage by looking up MILEAGE_CHART[city1][city2] Display mileage
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Two-Dimensional Array

A two-dimensional array is a collection of components, all of the same type, structured in two dimensions, (referred to as rows and columns) Individual components are accessed by a pair of indexes representing the components position in each dimension The two expressions intexp1 and intexp2 specify the number of rows and the number of columns, respectively, in the array Two-dimensional arrays are sometimes called matrices or tables

DataType ArrayName[ConstIntExpr][ConstIntExpr]...;
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Why 2-dimensional arrays?

Data sometimes has more structure to it than just "a list has rows and columns and uses two subscripts to locate an item Syntax

int a[5][4]; // row then column twenty elements, numbered from [0][0] to [4][3]

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Accessing 2D Array Elements

Requires two indices Which cell is MILEAGE_CHART [3][2]?

[0] [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] 0 97 90 268 262 130 [1] 97 0 74 337 144 128 [2] 90 74 0 354 174 201 [3] 268 337 354 0 475 269 [4] 262 144 174 475 0 238

Row

Column
[5] 130 128 201 269 238 0
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EXAMPLE -- Array for monthly high temperatures for all 50 states

const int NUM_STATES = 50; const int NUM_MONTHS = 12; int stateHighs[NUM_STATES][NUM_MONTHS];

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10][11]
[0] [1] [2] . row 2, . col 7 Arizonas . high for [48] August [49]
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66 64 72 78 85 90 99 105 98 90 88 80
stateHighs[2][7]

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Summary
1.Array is collection of "same type" data 2.Indexed variables of array used just like any other variables 3.for-loop "natural" way to traverse arrays 4.Programmer is responsible for staying "in bounds" of array 5.Array parameter is "new" kind similar to call-by-reference

Another innovative way to check the quality of your coding!!!!

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THANK YOU
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DONE BY:SHUBHAM TRIVEDI XII A 12033

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