ORP110010 Cdma2000 1X Coverage Planning ISSUE2.11-A

cdma2000 1X
Coverage Planning
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Procedure of Coverage planning

Requirement
analysis
Determine the total coverage and type of the area
Link budget
Calculate the maximum allowed path loss
Propagation
model
selection
Calculate the radius of the cell according to the propagation
Calculate the
BTS number
model
Determine the number of BTS required
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Master the basic knowledge of Radio Propagation
Describe some typical Propagation Models and their

applicability
Comprehend the key parameters and calculation methods of

Link Budget
Know about the basic principle of Site, Antenna & Feeder

Selection
Contents
1. Radio Propagation
2. Link Budget
3. Propagation Models
4. Coverage Balance
5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
Contents
2. Link Budget
4. Coverage Balance
Spectrum Distribution
Frequency
Classification
Abbreviation
30 ~ 300Hz
Extremely Low Frequency
ELF
300 ~ 3000Hz
Voice Frequency
VF
3 ~ 30KHz
Very-low Frequency
VLF
30 ~ 300KHz
Low Frequency
LF
300 ~ 3000KHz
Medium Frequency
MF
3 ~ 30MHz
High Frequency
HF
30 ~ 300MHz
Very High Frequency
VHF
300 ~ 3000MHz
Ultra High Frequency
UHF
3 ~ 30GHz
Super High Frequency
SHF
30 ~ 300GHz
Extremely High Frequency
EHF
Typical Propagation Environment
Attribute of radio channelFading

Received Power (dBm)
-20
Fast Fading
Slow Fading
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10
20
30
Analysis of Slow Fading
Analysis of Fast Fading
Fast Fading occurs when
90
signals received from many
paths drift into and out of phase

BTS total Rx
Vector
combine
90
Contents
2. Link Budget
4. Coverage Balance
Link Budget Objective
Link budget refers to the calculation of the total gain and loss over the
whole communication link, i.e. maximum propagation loss allowed in the
link during a call connection with acceptable call quality.
The BTS coverage can be determined by using the link budget and the
propagation model.
Link Budget Model

dBm
Power control Margin
Gain
Loss
Interference Margin
Margin
Shadow fading Margin
Receive
sensitivity
ANT Gain
(TX)
Body
Loss
Clutter
Loss
Path Loss
ANT Gain
(RX)
Feeder
Loss
Soft
handoff
Gain
Reverse link
Maximum TX
Rx sensitivity
Classification of Parameters
System parameters
Equipment parameters
Tx power, Receiver sensitivity, Noise figure, Demodulation threshold,

Antenna gain, Feeder loss and Connector loss
Environmental parameters
Carrier frequency, Spread spectrum bandwidth and spread gain
Shadow fading margin, Land object loss, Human body loss and
Background noise
CDMA specific parameters
Soft handoff gain, Interference margin, Power control margin
System parameter
Carrier frequency: Commonly used 450 MHz/800 MHz/1900 MHz
Spread spectrum bandwidth: 1.2288MHz
Spreading gain: 10log(W/R)
Background noise : Mainly consist of thermal noise, where

Nthermal=10log(KTW)
K=1.38X10-23J/K Boltzmann constant

T: Kelvin temperature. In the normal temperature, it is 290 K.
W: Bandwidth
Equipment parameter
Transmit power of the base station
Maximum transmit power of BTS: 43dBm for HW BTS
Maximum transmit power of traffic channel: Based on the

configuration
R-PICH
Transmit power of the MS
R-SCH
R-FCH
In general, it is 23dBm(200mW)
All the reverse channel share the total power
Power of MS
Equipment parameter (Cont.)
BTS antenna gain
BTS directional antenna gain is greater than the omni antenna

gain
Typical value:
Omni antenna:11dBi13dBi
Directional antenna: 15dBi18dBi
MS antenna gain
It is assumed that the sum of antenna gain and connection loss
of the mobile is 0dB
Demodulation threshold
Rate
Velocity
Voice service Data service Data service Data service Data service
(9.6 kbps)
(19.2 kbps) (38.4 kbps) (76.8 kbps) (153.6 kbps)
Static 0km/h
3.5
3.4
2.59
2.15
1.54
3 km/h
5.57
4.11
3.01
2.47
1.98
8 km/h
6.34
4.96
3.64
3.01
2.51
30 km/h
7.13
5.96
4.78
4.28
3.8
100 km/h
6.78
5.37
4.26
3.57
2.68
The threshold affects the RX sensitivity
Noise figure
The index to evaluate the performance of LNA
The value differs from one vendor to another
The typical value for HW BTS is 3.2 dB
The typical value for MS is 6 to 8 dB
S/Noutput
S/Ninput
LNA
Feeder and connector loss
Feeder loss is related with the frequency and feeder length
The connector loss is approximately 0.2dB
Receiver sensitivity of the BTS
To ensure the communication quality, the minimum receive

level of receiver need to be determined.
It is related to the demodulation threshold and noise figure
The sensitivity is also affected by the interference. As the

interference increases, the sensitivity decreases.
SBTS = 10lg(KTW) +NFBTS + Eb/Nt10lg(W/Rb)
Environment parameter
Access succeed
Access failure
Access failure
Access succeed
Effects of shadow fading:
Shadow fading affects the propagation path, the strength of received

signal finally is a normal logarithmic distribution when the MS is far
from the Base station
The theoretical value used in the link budget is a field density median,
which causes the edge coverage probability is only 50%
Environment parameter
Shadow fading margin
In order to sustain an
acceptable edge coverage
probability (generally >
75%), it is necessary to
reserve some power
margin, i.e. shadow fading
margin.
Environment parameter (Cont.)
Clutter loss
The clutter has great impact on the signal

propagation.
Mainly due to building and vehicle

penetration loss, whereby the vehicle loss
Penetration Loss
Environment
Density
urban
2025dB
Urban
1520dB
Sub-urban
1015dB
is 6~10dB
Human body loss
Human body can absorb the signals

transmitted by MS. n the link budget the
human body loss is assumed to 3dB
Generally, during data services, the

terminal is not close to the human body,
in this case the human body loss can be
ignored
Rural
5dB
CDMA Specific Parameter

Selection
combination
Maximum gain
combination
Soft handoff gain
The soft handoff can decrease the shadow fading margin with a
certain coverage probability.
Generally, soft handoff gain is 3 dB for cdma2000 1x voice service in

a mobile communication system
CDMA Specific Parameter (Cont.)

50% load 3dB
60% load 4dB
75% load 6dB
Interference margin
System loading increases the system self-interference.
In the link budget, the impact caused by the capacity-increase is

represented by interference margin that can be calculated by the given
formula
1
NoiseRise 10 lg
1
(: system load)
CDMA Specific Parameter (Cont.)
Power control margin
The signal strength in the radio environment changes quickly due to

superposition of different propagation signals. This is embodied in the
fast fading, which follow to the Rayleigh distribution.
The fast power control can reduce the effect of fading for slow moving
objects (<30km/h). Thus, the Eb/Nt requirement for demodulation
under the channel fading can be reduced.
In the link budget, the calculation is based on the demodulation
threshold under the ideal power control condition. In real network, the
demodulation performance may deteriorate due to restriction on the
maximum Tx power.
To ensure the effect of the close-loop power control, the power control
margin is taken into consideration in link budget (also called fast
fading margin).
Reverse Link Budget Formula
PL_BL=Pout_MS + Ga_MS - Lf_MS + Ga_BS - Lf_BS -S_BS Lb MI + Ga_soft Mf

Lp
PL_BL
:Maximum allowable path loss
Pout_MS :Maximum transmit power of the service channel of MS
Ga_MS
:Antenna gain of MS
Lf_MS
:Feeder loss of MS
Ga_BS
:Antenna gain of base station
Lf_BS
:Feeder loss of base station
S_BS
:Base station sensitivity
Lb
:Body loss
Ga_soft :Soft handoff gain
Mf
:Shadow fading margin
MI
:Interference margin
Lp
:Clutter loss
Typical Link Budget (Urban area)

Data rate
Maximum transmit power ( dBm )
Human body loss ( dB )
Cluster loss ( dB )
Receiving antenna gain ( dBi )
Cable loss ( dB )
Soft handoff gain ( dB )
Corresponding border coverage probability
Shadow fading standard deviation ( dB )
Shadow fading margin ( dB )
Designed cells load
Corresponding interference margin ( dB )
Fast fading margin ( dB )
Noise figure ( dB )
Demodulation thresholds ( dB )
Corresponding receiver sensitivity ( dBm )
Maximum allowed path loss
Transmitting antenna height ( m )
Receiving antenna height ( m )
Coverage semi-diameter ( km )
IS95
cdma2000 1X
9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 38.4 kbps 76.8 kbps 153.6 kbps
23.00
21.55
20.50
21.29
21.91
22.35
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
20
20
20
20
20
20
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.97
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
8
8
8
8
8
8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.01
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
7.0
3.50
3.40
2.59
2.15
1.54
-124.18 -127.50 -124.77
-122.57
-120.00
-117.74
131.90 133.82
131.79
129.59
127.02
124.76
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
1.62
1.84
1.61
1.40
1.18
1.01
Simulation of Forward Link
Contents
2. Link Budget
4. Coverage Balance
Significance of propagation model
The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss

during radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and
artificial environments.
The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage

planning, a good model means more precise planning.
The propagation model depends on the working frequency

of the system. Different propagation models have different
working frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation
model differs from the out door propagation model.
Typical propagation model

Model
Application range
Okumura-Hata
Applicable for the 150-1500 MHz macrocell prediction
Cost231-Hata
Applicable for the 1500-2000 MHz macrocell prediction
CCIR
Applicable for prediction in the 150-2000MHz urban area

or dense urban area environments
LEE
Applicable for the 450-2000MHz marcocell environment

prediction
K parameter
Model
Applicable for the 800-2000MHz macrocell prediction
These typical models are set up by researchers based on the CW test

Okumura-Hata Model
The frequency range is from150MHz to 1500MHz.
L p 69 .55 26 .16 lg f 13 .82 lg hb (44 .9 6.55 lg hb ) lg d Ahm

Lp
Path loss (dB)
hb
BS antenna height (m)
hm
MS antenna height (m)
Carrier frequency (MHz)
Distance between the BS and MS

(Km)
Ahm
MS antenna correction factor (dB)
Okumura-Hata Model (Cont.)
In urban areas, the standard model can be modified as:
Lps Lp 2[lg( f / 28) ] 5.4

2
In rural areas (open country), the model can be modified as:
Lpo Lp 4.78lg f 18.33 lg f 40.94

2
In rural areas (quasi open country), the model can be

modified as:
Lpo Lp 4.78(lg f )2 18.33lg f 35.94
Cost231-Hata Model
The frequency range is 1500MHz to 2000MHz.
L p 46 .3 33 .9 lg f 13 .82 lg hb (44 .9 6.55 lg hb ) lg d Ahm Cm
C m 0dB Large cities or central areas of the suburbs

C m 3dB Big cities
Model Correction-CW Test

1
Select test point
Determine the testing route,

sampling data
Optimize propagation model

using the tool
Contents
2. Link Budget
4. Coverage Balance
Link Balance Between Uplink and

Downlink
Forward
Reverse
B
In this area, it seems that the cross-cell call from cell B
to cell A is feasible. However, actually, the reverse link
of cell A does not support the call
In this area ,the cross-cell call from cell B to cell A is impossible. Besides the
MS in cell B will inevitably cause too much interference on cell A
Coverage Adjustment
Coverage limitation analysis
If MS is average distribution, it is
reverse limited
If MS is edge distribution, it is forward
limited
Forward adjustment
Down Tilt
Forward Power
Distribution
Antenna Height
Antenna Gain
Reverse adjustment
Reverse Power
Control Parameter
Reverse System
Load
Forward Link Balance

Pilot
Sync
Paging
Traffic
Good signal, but
why no service
The forward channel powers are different from each other. And
the coverage of the channels are different from each other.
In the coverage area, the mobile phone should be able to

demodulate the pilot, synchronization, paging and traffic channel
simultaneously and correctly.
Forward Link Balance (Cont.)

Typical Forward Power Distribution Strategy
Pilot channel power
Approximately 1020% of total power
Synchronous channel power
Pilot channel power 10dB
Paging channel power
Pilot channel power 1.5dB (9.6kbps)
Max Traffic channel power
Pilot channel power 3dB (Voice FCH)
It is possible to achieve same coverage radius for all

cdma2000 1x forward link channels
The power required to achieve consistency of all the

channel coverage will fully utilize the BTS power
Case Study
The requirement analysis
Suppose the total service area is 400 km2 , city centre.
800MHz system, 3 sector BTS ,Voice service only, No IS95 MS.
Design load :50%
Required area coverage probability :90%
Required edge coverage probability :75%
Demodulation threshold: 3.5dB
BTS antenna height :30 m
Feeder length: 50m
Noise figure: 3.2dB
Link Budget analysis

5
Parameters
Calculate process
Human body loss
3 dB
Interference margin
10log[1(1 50%)]=3 dB
Fast fading margin
0.5 dB
Soft handoff gain
3.7 dB
Shadow fading margin
NORMSINV (75%)8=5.5 dB
Clutter loss
20 dB
Cable loss
1.97 dB
Receiving antenna gain
15 dBi
Tx
Max transmit power of MS(FCH)
21.55dBm
Determine the number of BTS

3-Sector site
R
Omni site
R
BTS1
D
BTS1
BTS2
BTS3
R
BTS2
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.5R
Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=1.949R2
Coverage Area=2.598R2
Contents
2. Link Budget
4. Coverage Balance
Site Selection and Layout

Site selection is an important part in
coverage planning
The order for the site selection (dense,
general, suburban)
Site Selection
The height for the site selection
Attention for the obstacles

(avoiding it by using the Fresnel zone)
Feeder Selection
800MHz 450MHz
1900MHz
7/8 inch(dB/100m)
4.03
2.7
6.46
5/4 inch(dB/100m)
2.98
1.9
4.77
1/2 inch(dB/100m)
11.2
7.6
17.7
Feeder Loss
Feeder loss: From BTS top cabinet to antenna
High frequency increases feeder loss
Large size feeder decreases feeder loss
Antenna Selection
Antenna Selection
Height Design
Gain
Half power angle
Azimuth Design
Polarization pattern
Urban area
15dBi
60~65
Dual polarization
Suburban area
15~18dBi
65 or 90
Dual polarization or vertical
polarization
Rural area
18~20dBi
90 or 120 or
Omni Antenna
Vertical polarization
Antenna Selection (Cont.)

Antenna Selection
Height Design
Azimuth Design
Antennas in different cells of the same base station may be of

different heights. This may be limited by the installation space in a
specific direction, or due to the requirements of the cell planning.
For urban areas that are relatively flat, the recommended height of
the antenna is about 25m.
The height of the antennas in the suburban base station can be

higher. Generally it is about 40m.
Antenna Selection (Cont.)

Antenna Selection
Height Design
Azimuth Design
The main beam of the antenna should be directed to the area of

high traffic density, to increase the signal strength in that area and
improve the conversation quality
The antenna cross-coverage depth between adjacent sectors
should not exceed 10%.
To prevent the unwanted coverage, the main beam of the antenna
should not be along the straight street in dense urban areas
Antenna Down-tilt
Mechanism
Electron
Summary
Basic knowledge of Radio Propagation
Typical Propagation Models
Link Budget
Coverage Balance
Basic principle of Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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cdma2000 1X

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Procedure of Coverage planning

Determine the total coverage and type of the area

Calculate the maximum allowed path loss

Calculate the radius of the cell according to the propagation

Determine the number of BTS required

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Master the basic knowledge of Radio Propagation

Describe some typical Propagation Models and their

Comprehend the key parameters and calculation methods of

Know about the basic principle of Site, Antenna & Feeder

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extremely Low Frequency

Very High Frequency

Ultra High Frequency

Super High Frequency

Extremely High Frequency

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Typical Propagation Environment

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Attribute of radio channelFading

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of Slow Fading

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of Fast Fading

Fast Fading occurs when

signals received from many

paths drift into and out of phase

5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Link Budget Objective

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Link Budget Model

Power control Margin

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tx power, Receiver sensitivity, Noise figure, Demodulation threshold,

Carrier frequency, Spread spectrum bandwidth and spread gain

CDMA specific parameters

Soft handoff gain, Interference margin, Power control margin

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carrier frequency: Commonly used 450 MHz/800 MHz/1900 MHz

Spread spectrum bandwidth: 1.2288MHz

Spreading gain: 10log(W/R)

Background noise : Mainly consist of thermal noise, where

K=1.38X10-23J/K Boltzmann constant

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transmit power of the base station

Maximum transmit power of BTS: 43dBm for HW BTS

Maximum transmit power of traffic channel: Based on the

Transmit power of the MS

All the reverse channel share the total power

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Equipment parameter (Cont.)

BTS antenna gain

BTS directional antenna gain is greater than the omni antenna

Directional antenna: 15dBi18dBi

It is assumed that the sum of antenna gain and connection loss