PRESENTATION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA

METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

TABULAR FORM PARAGRAPH OR TEXTUAL FORM GRAPHICAL FORM

TABULAR FORM
Data are organize into rows and columns Statistical table is used to describe the data Numerical facts are presented in more concise and systematic manner.

PARTS OF STATISTICAL TABLE

TABLE HEAD( TABLE NUMBER AND TABLE TITLE) BOX HEAD BODY FOOTNOTE AND SOURCE (OPTIONAL)

PARAGRAPH /TEXTUAL FORM

Uses sentences or paragraph to describe the data Combines text and numerical facts Used if there are only few numerical data and to emphasize on some figures.

GRAPHICAL FORM
Graphs and charts are used to illustrate the data Graph is a pictorial or geometric representation of data Presenting more clearly, more creatively in attractive and colorful figures.

PARTS OF STATISTICAL CHARTS

TITLE COORDINATE AXES LABELS LEGEND SCALE GRIDLINES SOURCE(OPTIONAL)

Tabular
PRESENTATION of DATA
Table number & title
Table 4 Distribution of Students in ABC College According to Year Level Year Level First year Second year Third year Fourth year Number of Students 300 250 285 215 N = 1050

Source: ABC College Registrar

TYPES OF STATISTICAL CHART

LINE GRAPH BAR GRAPH PIE CHART PICTOGRAPH STATISTICAL MAP SCATTER DIAGRAM

BAR GRAPH
A bar graph is used to show relationships between groups. The two items being compared do not need to affect each other. It's a fast way to show big differences. Bar Graph is a graph that is useful for comparing the amounts for one set of data.

BAR GRAPH

Bar Chart
(c.i) f 10 - 14 3 15 - 19 6 20 - 24 12 25 - 29 7 30 - 34 4 35 - 39 3

10 to 14

Take Note !! There are gaps between bars. This is appropriate to use for discrete variables!

30 to 34

20 to 24

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Base: Class Interval Height: Frequency

Histogram 12
10

(c.i) 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39

f 3 6 12 7 4 3

X 12 17 22 27 32 37

Base: Class Mark Height: Frequency

8
6 4 2 0

12 17 22 27 32 37 Take Note !! There is no gap between bars. This is appropriate to use for continuous variables!

line graph
Line Graph is a graph that is useful for showing how data changes over time. A line graph is used to show continuing data; how one thing is affected by another. It's clear to see how things are going by the rises and falls a line graph shows.

LINE GRAPH

PIE CHART
A PIE CHART is used to show how a part of something relates to the whole. This kind of graph is needed to show percentages effectively.

PIE GRAPH

Pie Chart
(c.i) f 10 - 14 3 15 - 19 6 20 - 24 12 25 - 29 7 30 - 34 4 35 - 39 3

9% 11%

9% 17%

20% 34%

PICTOGRAPH
Pictograph is a graph that uses pictures or symbols to show data. A pictograph uses an icon to represent a quantity of data values in order to decrease the size of the graph.

PICTOGRAPH

STATISTICAL MAP
A statistical map chart displays data by shading sections of a map, and must include a key.

STATISTICAL MAP

ORGANIZING QUANTITATIVE DATA

ARRAY arrangement of data in ascending or descending order FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION- tabular arrangement of data by classes or categories with corresponding frequencies STEM AND LEAF PLOT- a representation of a distribution where the individual scores are preserved. Here, the leftmost digit will become the stem and the right digit become the leaf.

Tabular
PRESENTATION of DATA

It is a table which shows the data arranged into different classes and the number of cases which fall into each class is tallied.

Table 3.0 The Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Table For the Age of 50 Service Crews at Jollimee

Age

Frequency

Percentage Frequency 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.22 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.08

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

7 8 6 11 4 5 5 4 N = 50

Table 3.1 The Grouped Frequency Distribution Table For the Age of 50 Service Crews at Jollimee

Age

Frequency

Percentage Frequency

18-19
20-21 22-23

15
17 9

0.30
0.34 0.18

24-25

9
N = 50

0.18

Tabular PRESENTATION Table 3.2 of DATA

The Grouped Frequency Distribution for the Test Scores of 50 Students in Statistics Tally Frequency (f) 1 7 8 4 11 8 7 4 N = 50 Class Mark (X) 5.5 11.5 17.5 23.5 29.5 35.5 41.5 47.5 Class Boundary 2.5 - 8.5 8.5 14.5 14.5 20.5 20.5 26.5 26.5 32.5 32.5 38.5 38.5 44.5 44.5 50.5

Class Interval ( c. i ) 3-8 9 - 14 15 - 20 21 - 26 27 - 32 33 - 38 39 - 44 45 - 50

I IIII II IIII III IIII IIII IIII - I IIII III IIII II IIII

Tabular PRESENTATION of DATA Class Interval (c.i) 3-8 9 - 14 15 - 20 21 - 26 27 - 32 33 - 38 39 - 44 45 - 50

The first column in a frequency distribution table is the class interval (c.i). The first column in (c.i) is the lower limit (LL), while the second column is the upper limit (UL). There are eight classes in this table, which starts from 3 - 8 and ends to 45 - 50. The size of the class interval or the class Width(c) is 6. It is obtained by getting the difference between consecutive upper or lower limits, or by getting UL - LL + 1unit. Ex. 8 - 3 + 1 = 6 14 - 9 + 1 = 6, ...

TERMINOLOGIES ABOUT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

CLASS INTERVALS

refers to groups or categories Example: 8 classes or groups

Class Interval (c.i) 3-8 9 - 14 15 - 20 21 - 26 27 - 32 33 - 38 39 - 44 45 - 50

CLASS LIMITS
Numbers used to name the classes Example: 9-14 are class limits Lower class limit is 9 Upper class limit is 14

Table 3.2 The Grouped Frequency Distribution for the Test Scores of 50 Students in Statistics Class Interval ( c. i ) 3-8 9 - 14 15 - 20 21 - 26 27 - 32 33 - 38 39 - 44 45 - 50 Tally Frequency (f) 1 7 8 4 11 8 7 4 N = 50 Class Mark (X) 5.5 11.5 17.5 23.5 29.5 35.5 41.5 47.5 Class Boundary 2.5 - 8.5 8.5 14.5 14.5 20.5 20.5 26.5 26.5 32.5 32.5 38.5 38.5 44.5 44.5 50.5

I IIII II IIII III IIII IIII IIII - I IIII III IIII II IIII

CLASS MARK/CLASS MIDPOINT

Xi = (lcli + ucli)/2 where i refers to class number
Grades 29-38 39-48 49-58 59-68 69-78 79-88 89-98 TOTAL number class mark of student 3 33.5 1 43.5 4 53.5 10 63.5 15 73.5 12 83.5 5 93.5 50

CLASS BOUNDARIES
True class limits
Grades class boundaries 29-38 28.5-38.5 39-48 38.5-48.5 49-58 48.5-58.5 59-68 58.5-68.5 69-78 68.5-78.5 79-88 78.5-88.5 89-98 88.5-98.5 how ? ( 88+89)/2 and (98+99)/2

CLASS WIDTH /CLASS SIZE ( C)

Difference between 2 consecutive lcl, ucl, lcb, ucb, classmarks
c= 43.5 33.5 = 10 using consecutive class marks c= 38.5 28.5 = 10 using consecutive ucb c= 49 39= 10 using consecutive lcl number of student

CONSTRUCTION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

1. Find the range, R: highest value lowest value 2. Solve for the number of classes, k Sturges formula k= 1 +3.332 log N 3. Find class size, c c= R/k 4. Tally

DISTRIBUTIONS DERIVED FROM FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Relative Frequency Distribution Cumulative Frequency Distribution

GRAPHICAL REPRESENATATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Frequency Histogram- a bar graph to present frequency distribution Frequency Polygon- line graph to present frequency distribution Ogive- a line graph to present cumulative frequency distribution

FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM
x-axis, classes y-axis, frequency

Histogram 12
10

(c.i) 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39

f 3 6 12 7 4 3

X 12 17 22 27 32 37

Base: Class Mark Height: Frequency

8
6 4 2 0

12 17 22 27 32 37 Take Note !! There is no gap between bars. This is appropriate to use for continuous variables!

FREQUENCY POLYGON
x-axis, class marks y-axis, frequency

Frequency Polygon
14

(c.i) f 10 - 14 3 15 - 19 6 20 - 24 12 25 - 29 7 30 - 34 4 35 - 39 3

X 12 17 22 27 32 37

12
10

8
6 4 2

This is appropriate to use for continuous variables!

Base: Class Mark Height: Frequency

22 27 32 37 42

Take Note !! 0 Additional X are 7 12 17 added on both ends in order to close the polygon.

OGIVE
LINE GRAPH TO PRESENT THE CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION x-axis, class boundaries y-axis, cumulative frequency

< Ogive
c.b. - 9.5 9.5-14.5 14.5-19.5 19.5-24.5 24.5-29.5 29.5-34.5 34.5-39.5 <cf 0 3 9 21 28 32 35
40 35 30 25 20 15

Base: Upper Class Boundary Height: < cf

< Ogive

10 5 Take Note !! There is additional 0 Upper c.b. 9.5 with 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5 <cf equal to 0.

> Ogive
c.b. 9.5-14.5 14.5-19.5 19.5-24.5 24.5-29.5 29.5-34.5 34.5-39.5 39.5>cf 35 32 26 14 7 3 0

Base: Lower Class Boundary Height: > cf

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

Take Note !! There is additional Lower c.b. 39.5 with >cf equal to 0.

>cf & Lower c.b.

Ogives
c.b. 9.5-14.5 14.5-19.5 19.5-24.5 24.5-29.5 29.5-34.5 34.5-39.5 <cf 3 9 21 28 32 35 >cf 35 32 26 14 7 3
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Base: Class Interval Height: Cumulative Frequency

< Ogive

<cf & Upper c.b. >cf & Lower c.b.

9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

The Contingency Table

This is a table which shows the data enumerated by cell. Table 3.5 The Contingency Table for the Opinion of Viewers on the New TV Program
Choice/Sample Men Women Children Total

Like the program Indifferent Do not like the program Total

50 23 43

56 16 55

45 12 40

151 51 138

116

127

97

340