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Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting

Novelty Stage

1. Samuel morse
Telegraph (wires) Morse Code
Video of telegraph

Novelty Stage
what about wireless? How do you transmit a signal through the AIR?

Novelty Stage
2. James Maxwell
His equations theorized that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field.

Novelty Stage
3. Heinrich Hertz
Proved Maxwells theories Identified Electromagnetic waves

Novelty Stage
Hertz (Hz) can be used to measure any periodic event; the most common use for hertz is to describe frequency of rotation, in which case a speed of 1 Hz is equal to one cycle per second.

4. THREE GUYS

Novelty Stage

WHO INVENTED THE DEVICE TO TRANSMIT A SIGNAL THROUGH THE AIR (1894)

A. Guglielmo Marconi vs. B. NiKola Tesla vs. C. Alexander Popov

Who invented Wireless telegraphy?

Novelty Stage
MARCONI

Marconis Invention (Dramatization)

HAD IMPLICATIONS FOR SHIP TO SHORE TRAVEL

Tesla

POPOV

QuickTime an d a decompressor are need ed to see this p icture.

Novelty Stage
POPOV
(Dramatization)

Tele = far off Graph= writing Phone= sound

Telegraph Telephone Phonograph

WIRELESS TELEGRAPH

Novelty Stage
5. Reginald Fessenden
Wireless telephony: transmitted voice and sound

Novelty Stage
6. Lee

De Forest

Wireless telephony:
amplified sound (monkey face)

Novelty Stage

Entrepreneurial Stage

Entrepreneurial Stage
Ship-to-shore communication

Entrepreneurial Stage
David Sarnoff and the Titanic

Entrepreneurial Stage
Wireless became a huge hobby

Entrepreneurial Stage
"I remember it was 10 or 11 o'clock at night and all at once, this voice appears. And I remember letting out a yelp or a shout of some sort and my dad, who had just gotten out of the bath, came in wrapped in a towel to make sure... that something hadn't happened to me. I said, 'Dad, look, I hear this fellow talking.'"

Some Key Developments

Radio Act of 1912

You need a LICENSE to operate a radio

WWI

Radio is an important war tool U.S. wants to control Global radio

Some Key Developments

1915: Over 20 companies selling point-to-point radio equipment: e.g. AT&T (transmitters) General electric (U.S.) (Receivers) American Marconi (Britain) (both) (marconi was the biggest and best)

Some Key Developments

U.S. develops a plan to ensure powerful radio technology would fall under U.S. control. 1. Establish new company, anchored by GE, called RCA (Radio Corporation of America), To pool patents. RCA is a private-sector monopoly. 2. Using GE, weaken British Marconi by not selling them key components, and then BUY its american assets (american Marconi) 3. Use RCA to oversee radio patents from GE, AT&T, Westinghouse, American Marconi and the navy. Standardization.

=The beginning of American domination over communication technology

Some Key Developments

THE UK MODEL: In 1904, Great Britain decides to develop A state-supported broadcasting system.

The UK Funds the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)

Mass Medium Stage

Mass Medium Stage

KDKA, Pittsburgh, 1920. First station to broadcast music and talk (disputed) BROADCASTING vs. POINT-to-POINT First ads, 1922

Radio: a DEMOCRATIC medium

Education Religion Workers Businesses (jewelry stores) Entertainment News

(VIDEO Radio Network Broadcasting)

Tufts University, 1922

 Education

Mass Medium Stage

KDKA, Pittsburgh, 1920. First commercial radio station First ads, 1922

Assembling Radios, 1925

2 KEY NETWORKS
1. AT&T creates network of stations, linking

together with long distance lines = BCA (Broadcast Corp. of America)

AT&T SEES RADIO AS A WAY TO ENHANCE TELEPHONE BUSINESS

NETWORKS
2. RCA creates a network as subsidiary, linked with (INFERIOR) Western Union lines
= Radio Group (w/ GE and Westinghouse)

VIDEO: HOW TELEGRAPHS FUNCTION (WESTERN UNION)

NETWORKS
BROADCASTING CORPORATION OF AMERICA (AT&T/BCA) superior VS. RADIO GROUP (RCA) inferior

Mass Medium Stage

Government cracks down on AT&T FOR MONOPOLIZING RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, forces it to sell network (DATE) RCA organizes two networks as

NBC Red (AT&T lines) NBC Blue (Western Union lines)

=NATIONAL BROADASTING CORPORATION (NBC)

Mass Medium Stage

CBS, 1928. William Paley uses option time to woo affiliates from NBC. ABC, 1941. FCC outlaws option time. forces RCA to sell one of its NBC networks, which becomes ABC. By 1940s, NBC, CBS, and ABC established as Big 3 networks.

Radio Rules
Radio Act of 1912: required a license
Radio Act of 1927: Establishes FRC and standard of operating in the public interest, convenience, or necessity (PICON) Communications Act of 1934:
Establishes FCC, keeps PICON standard. Congress endorses commercial radio.

COMMERCIAL RADIO DISPUTED

Cant something be done about the tremendous quantity of rotten advertising coming over the radios?PLEASE! I know beyond all doubt that a very very large majority of people of this country do not want the time we are getting as entertainment...I will say that I have heard it discussed in many sections, many even going to the extent of trying to arrange community boycotts of products advertised over the radio --1931

Radio Culture: 1930s golden age of radio

People across America were sharing the same stories (creating consensus narratives)
E.g., Inner Sanctum Amos N Andy Roosevelt fireside chats War of the Worlds

Hindenburg Disaster, 1937

(video)

Clear Channels
WSM 650 (Nashville) WFAN660 (New York) WMAQ 670 (Chicago) WLW 700 (Cincinnati) WOR 710 (New York) WGN 720 (Chicago) WSB 750 (Atlanta) WJR 760 (Detroit) WABC 770 (New York) WBBM 780 (Chicago) WBAP 820 (Fort Worth)

Clear Channels
WCCO 830 (Minneapolis) WHAS 840 (Louisville) WWL 870 (New Orleans) WCBS 880 (New York) WLS 890 (Chicago) WBZ1030 (Boston) WHO 1040 (Des Moines) WWWE 1100 (Cleveland) WHAM 1180 (Rochester) WOAI 1200 (San Antonio) WGMP 1210 (Philadelphia) KIRO 710 (Seattle)

Clear Channels
KFI 640 (Los Angeles) KDKA 1020 (Pittsburgh) KMOX 1120 (St. Louis) KSL 1160 (Salt Lake City)

Why the W and the K??

Radio Culture

Radios survival in the wake of TV Format radio

Todd Storz,Omaha, Top 40 format Radio Deejays/Payola

Radio Culture today

There evolved a variety of formats: each one geared to a SPECIFIC target audience News/Talk, 18% Adult Contemporary, 14% CHR, 11% Hispanic, 10.2% Urban, 9.9% Country, 9% Rock, 8.2% Oldies, 5.7% Other, 14%

Radio OWNERSHIP
FCC OWNERSHIP CONSTRAINTS

1950-80: 7 AM, 7 FM, 7 TV Stations Late 1980s: 20 AM, 20 FM, 12 TV Stations 1996 Telecommunication Act: You cant reach 35% of national audience 2003: You cant reach 45%
FCC used to enforce BROADCAST DIVERSITY (NOT ANYMORE)

Radio ownership
Clear Channel owns:
Over 1,190 stations Premiere Radio network (syndicates programs to 6,500 other stations 240 international stations 40 TV stations Largest Billboard/outdoor sign business Largest live event promoter SFX (talent and sports star agency) Broadway, Cable, network, films

Radio ownership
Empire of the air/video (7:40)

Radio Culture
Pirate Radio/Low Power FM National Public Radio
PBS: 1968 NPR: 1970

BBC Satellite Radio: XM and Sirius (merge is on the cusp of approval) Zune, etc.

Radio Culture
Internet radio services PANDORA Last.fm Launchcast (yahoo) Rhapsody (Realnetwork) Guideposts Pitchfork Emusic

If Pandora and other customizable services take off (and so far thats a big if), they could shift the balance of power not just in how music is consumed, but in how it is made. You now have music fans that are completely enabled as editorial voices, said Michael Nash, senior vice president for digital strategy and business development at Warner Music Group, one of the four major music conglomerates. You cant fool those people. You cant put out an album with one good single on it. Those days are over.

But if fans become their own gatekeepers, the emerging question is what sort they will be. Will they use services like Pandora to refine their choices so narrowly that they close themselves off to new surprises? Or will they use the services to seek out mass shared experiences in an increasingly atomized music world?