nephron is the functional unit of kidneys.

nephron can be two types: cortical (ung nasa cortex lang talga) at juxtamedullary (ung knyang loop of Henle (LoH) ay extended sa MEDULLA--needed in final urine concentration)

renal functions: filtration, reabsorption, secretion,etc

parts ng nephron: GRCP glomerulus, renal tubules(3 parts: PCT, LoH, DCT), collecting duct, at peritubular capillaries.

renal structures: AEPVBGPLDC 1. afferent arteriole nagdadala xa ng blood "towards" glomerulus 2. efferent arteriole (ngdadala ng filtered blood palabas ng glomerulus), 3. peritubular capillaries (karugtung ng efferent arteriole at mahalaga sa renal reabsorption), 4. vasa recta (karugtung ng peritubullar capillaries at katabi ng LoH), 5. bowman's capsule (taga-salo ng filtrate from glomerulus), 6. glomerulus (capillaries with fenestrated or butas butas na endothelium (about 70 nm) para makafacilitate ng filtration) (bowman's capsule + glomerulus =Malpighian body or Renal Corpuscle), 7. proximal convoluted tubules (karugtung ng bowman's capsule), 8. Loop of Henle (karugtung ng PCT), 9. DCT (karugtung ng LoH), 10. Collecting duct (Karugtung ng DCT)

 blood flow: blood from the afferent arteriole (with larger diameter)--> glomerulus----> filtration of blood happens----> filtered blood will exit via efferent arteriole (with smaller diameter) ----> filtered blood to Peritubular capillaries (nakapulupot sa Proximal convoluted tubule..kaya nga 'PC'T and PC ('P'roximal 'C'onvoluted T and 'P'eritubular 'C'apillaries) ------> punta ang filtered blood sa vasa recta (nakapulupot or katabi ng LoH)-----> peritubular capillaries (nakapulupot sa Distal CT)---> renal vein

 saan napupunta ang filtrate na galing sa blood? from glomerulus--> bowman's capsule--> PCT (major in reabsorption) ---> LoH (to decrease the volume of the urine by losing water in the descending loop of henle and losing salt (Na and Cl) in the Ascending loop of Henle)---> DCT (major in secretion) ---> collecting duct (final concentration of urine: gaano ka-concentrated ang urine depending on the body's hydration. Since depende xa sa entire body's hydration (kung may sobra, enough, or kulang ba na tubig sa katawan), this is regulated by hormone ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone or A D H as in 'eeey'vry 'D'rop counts---conserve water by closing and opening of Aquaporins..)----> filtrate drained in the renal pelvis---> pass through the ureters---> renal bladder----> urethra ----> ARINOLA.. :)