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Artificial Recharge Techniques Present Status of Groundwater Availability and Artificial Recharge Techniques

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Benefits of Artificial Recharge?

Groundwater pollution

Groundwater Depletion
1960 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 12

water level(m-BGL)
100

population (million)
10

200

Linear (water level(m-BGL))

Linear (population (million))

300

400

500

600

700

-2

Groundwater Budget/ Sustainability


Ground water recharge
Ground water discharge Balance Stage of Ground water Development Static groundwater reserves

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Water Resources Management

Groundwater Budget Groundwater Recharge


Recharge due to precipitation = 7.48 mcm Recharge due to bunded area (10% of rainfall rec = 7.48 mcm Recharge due to Kharif pumping 20% Kharif pumping = 17 mcm Recharge due to return flow from well irrigation =20% of 20% of withdrawal = 3.4 mcm Recharge due to Canal seepage = 4.68 mcm Total groundwater recharge = 146.76 mcm

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Water Resources Management

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Groundwater discharge
Discharge from pumps = Discharge from mhots = Total groundwater discharge from wells = Live stock consumption = Total withdrawal in the area = Ground water balance = 146.78- 85.33 = 57.67 mcm 19.8 mcm 77.47 mcm 7.74 mcm 85.33 mcm 62.45 mcm

Stage of development= Draft/Discharge *100


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Categorisation of Blocks
Safe Semi-Critical Critical Over exploited < 70% 70 to 90 % 90 to 100% > 100 %

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Water Resources Management

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Categorization of blocks in Gujarat OE Critical Semi- Safe Critical 31 7 43 107

Static Ground water reserves


Static groundwater reserves For the existing depth of the wells Area Average specific yield Present static water level = 1100 sq.km = 0.0092 = 8m

Static groundwater reserves upto a depth of 20 m Untapped saturated thickness = 12m (20-8) Static gw reserves = 1100* 0.0092*12= 121.44 mcm
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Water Availability, Demand and Supply

Groundwater Modeling in Dhamar Basin, Yemen


Aquifer 1
Up to 200 m BGL Aquitard 2 Aquitard 1

Aquifer 2
Aquifer 3

250-350 m BGL

Multiple Aquifers

400 and above m BGL

Aquifer 1

Aquifer 2

Aquifer 3

Artificial recharge is required


Due to over exploitation and decline of water levels Sealing of natural recharge areas due to paving of streets, airports, buildings etc Diversion and export of water which otherwise percolate

Drought mitigation strategies

Need for artificial recharge


Water budget is surplus but seasonal difficiencies
Build additional groundwater storage Conserve groundwater to use in lean period Overall deficit in budget and deficit is increasing every year
the ground water recharge by itself may or may not form a complete remedy. water conservation measures like drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, regulating the groundwater by legislation etc.

Drinking and industrial use to be included in Planning artificial recharge projects

Source of water availability


Four types of source of water may be available for causing artificial recharge 1) Insitu precipitation on the watershed, 2) Surface (canal) supplies from large reservoirs located with in a basin 3) Surface supplies through trans basin water transfer 4) Partially treated waste water.

water quality
The quality of source of water is very important in case direct recharge techniques are used especially when partially treated water is used for recharge. This will lead to decisions about extent and type of treatment required, arrangements for treatment plants and the cost of source of water etc.

Suitability of hydro geologic and topographic situation


The hydro geological investigations are needed : for recharge, thickness, aerial extent and aquifer parameters of these potential zones; the groundwater levels and patterns of groundwater flow and the chemical quality of the groundwater. The existing dug wells and tube wells should be utilized for the study of ground water flow pattern, its fluctuation and for collection of water samples for geochemcial studies.

Detailed hydro geological mapping is required

Artificial Recharge Techniques


Artificial Ground Water Recharge

Direct Method

Indirect Method

Combination Methods

Surface Methods

Subsurface Method

Induced Method

GW Conservation

Recharge Pits /Shafts

Pumping Wells

Surface Spreading
Injection Wells Collector Wells

Dams/ Stop dams

Basin

Water harvesting str.

Stream Channel

Connector Wells

Infiltration galleries

Ditch & Furrow Aquifer Modification Flooding Bore hole blasting Irrigation

Hydro fracturing

Surface Spreading techniques(1) Flood and ditch and furrow

Surface Spreading techniques(2) Flood and ditch and furrow

Infiltration basins

Spread channel

Injection well recharge(1)

Hydro fracturing

Injection well recharge(2)

water level at Naonodara 24-08-01


Time in Minutes
16 0 28 0 40 0 52 0 64 0 15 30 5
Water level in (m)

0 5 water level 10 15

Recharge pits and shafts

Stop Dam

A topographic unit drained at a common point by a system of streams

Traditional watershed delineation manually using contours on a topographic map.

Outlet Point A watershed boundary can be sketched by starting at the outlet point and following the height of land defining the drainage divides using the contours on a map.
Minnesota GIS/LIS Consortium Spring Workshops 2001 Page 39

Treatment Areas

1. Upper Reaches 2. Middle Reaches 3. Lower Reaches Non arable lands Arable lands Drainage line treatment

Upper reaches / Non arable landsGully Formation UPPER REACHES

UPPER REACHES

Brushwood Check dam

Ready made check dam

UPPER REACHES

Gabian structure

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UPPER REACHES

( Upper to Middle Reaches)

Bench Terracing( Upper to Middle Reaches)

4.0 0.3 2.5

MIDDLE REACHES
1. Arable Land - Production Systems 2. Drops in Waterways 3 Contour and Staggered trenches (Upper to middle) 4 Terraces (Upper to middle) 4 Dug out farm pond 5 Live Bund 6 Graded Bunds(Middle to Lower)

MIDDLE REACHES

Middle and Lower Reaches

LOWER REACHES

1. 2. 3. 4.

Small Storage Dams Contour bunds/ Graded bunds Field bunds Spill ways

Middle and Lower Reaches Contour bunds

Contour Bund Design

Burrow Pit Contour Bund

H BERM

Lower reaches -Farm bunds

Lower reaches Spillways, out let, Stream bank protection works

Lower reaches- Small Storage dams


Concrete Check dam Earthen Check Dam

Cement Plug

Nalla Bund

Cost of various artificial recharge structures( $/m3)


Artificial Recharge Structure Initial Cost Running Cost

Injection well (alluvial area)


Spreading Channel (alluvial area) Percolation Tank (alluvial area) Injection well (limestone area) Spreading Channel (limestone area)

100
9 2 6

100
10 7 21

Recharge Estimation techniques


GROUND WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION METHOD:

Sy= Specific Yield H= Change in water level A= Area of influence/ Study area

1. Ground water recharge

Benefits from Water Harvesting & Water Conservation Schemes

study has indicated that recharge of 138.47 MCM of runoff water during a drought year became possible. In a normal rainfall year with 2 overflows assumed, the generated capacity could be 307.71 MCM.

2. Benefit to wells
In total 62225 wells were benefited from the Checkdams constructed in the five reference districts.

3. Benefits to agriculture
About 20 lac bighas of land could be protected against draught due to 10257 check dams.

4. Cost benefit
Expenditure per checkdam was Rs. 1,58,000. Total benefits of Rs. 2,51,582 could be obtained in three years.

5. Drinking water problem


About 70 % of farmers opined that shortage of drinking water and of grass could be lessoned.

6. Impact on land prices


Average price hike of Rs. 19,244 per bigha was estimated.

7. Benefits experienced by people


In some villages people had to buy water through tankers for ten to eleven months at the cost of Rs. 200 to Rs. 250 per month. This period was curtailed by six months due to check dams. The hand pumps which were found dried up earlier were also found live because of recharge.

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