PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS

Ns. IRA ERWINA, M. Kep, Sp. KepJ

Prevalensi hiv/aids
Akhir tahun 2010 tercatat bahwa : 34 juta jiwa hidup dengan HIV 2,7 juta jiwa kasus baru yang terinfeksi HIV 1,8 juta jiwa meninggal karena penyakit yang timbul akibat AIDS

PENDAHULUAN
Terjadi penurunan angka infeksi HIV di seluruh penjuru dunia Sekitar 26% jika dibandingkan dengan epidemi yang terjadi pada tahun 1997 Tapi di negara di kawasan eropa timur dan asia tengah, kasus baru infeksi HIV meningkat Sedangkan di daerah Oceania, timur tengah dan afrika utara, angkanya tetap

PENYEBAB TIMBULNYA PENURUNAN ANGKA INFEKSI HIV

Changes in sexual behavior Reduce the number of sexual partners Increase the use of condoms Waiting longer before becoming sexually active Increases of male circumcision

5 LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS

1. Provide leadership for a strong national response 2. Know your epidemic and current response 3. Prioritize and tailor your response to the epidemic 4. Set ambitions, realistic and measurable prevention targets 5. Use strategicinformation to stay on course (UNAIDS, 2008)

BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?

Hindari transmisi melalui cairan Reduce your sexual risks
Dont have sex Be monogamous Get test and know your partners status Use condom consistenly and correctly

Jika pasangan anda terinfeksi HIV (mixed-status),

use condom and dental dam Communication with your partner Safer sex practice

BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?

If you are injection drug :
Never use or share drug preparation equipment Use a new equipment Only use syringe from a reliable resource Use sterile water to prepare drugs Use a new or desinfected container and a new filter each time you prepare drugs Before inject, clean the inject site with a new alcohol swab Safely dispose of syringe after one use

BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?

If you are prenant :
an HIV-positive mother receives antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy, labor, and delivery Has a baby by caesarian section Avoids breastfeeding newborn babies are also given treatment after birth

Use blood tranfusion and organ donation that free from HIV PEP (post exposure prophylaxis)

Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)

Biasanya digunakan pada orang yang terpapar HIV. Ada dua jenis PEP : 1. Occupational PEP (oPEP)
seseorang yg bekerja di pelayanan kesehatan potensial terpapar bahan yang terinfeksi HIV

2. Non-occupational PEP
seseorang potensial terpapar HIV diluar area kerja (mis : kondom yg rusak, aniaya seksual)

Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)

PEP yang efektif harus dimulai dalam waktu 72 jam semenjak terpapar. PEP terdiri dari 2-3 obat antiretroviral yang harus dikonsumsi selama 28 hari Pengobatan dgn PEP memiliki efek samping yg berat, sehingga sangat sulit utk mengakhiri pengobatan PEP TDK MENJAMIN SESEORANG YG TERPAPAR HIV TIDAK TERJANGKIT HIV

Tipe-tipe test HIV

1. Antibodi test
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests use blood, oral fluid, or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results for these tests can take up to two weeks. Rapid HIV antibody tests also use blood, oral fluid, or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results for these tests can take 1020 minutes. If you get a positive result from either of these tests, you will need to take another test, called a Western blot test, to confirm that result. It can take up to two weeks to confirm a positive result.

Tipe-tipe test HIV

2. Antigen test
can be used to diagnose HIV infection earlierfrom 1-3 weeks after you are first infected with HIV. Antigen tests require a blood sample.

3. PCR test (polimerase chain reaction)

This test detects the genetic material of HIV itself, and can identify HIV in the blood within 2-3 weeks of infection. Babies born to HIV-positive mothers are tested with a special PCR test, because their blood contains their mother's HIV antibodies for several months. This means they would test HIV-positive on a standard antibody testbut a PCR test can determine whether the babies have HIV themselves. Blood supplies in most developed countries are screened for HIV using PCR tests. PCR tests are also used to measure viral loads for people who are HIV-positive.

FREKUENSI UNTUK TEST HIV

CDC merekomendasikan utk test HIV setiap melakukan medical check-up 1 kali setahun, jika menggunakan jarum suntik bersama, punya riwayat IMS, have had unprotected sex with mutiple or anonymous partner 1 kali dalam 3-6 bulan jika seorang memiliki resiko tinggi Trimester pertama dan trimester ketiga jika hamil

TEST HIV SELAMA PERIODE JENDELA

Periode jendela (window period) adl masa dimana mulai terpapar HIV sampai positif menderita HIV Biasanya selama 3-6 bulan Rata-rata butuh waktu 2-8 minggu dari waktu terpapar utk mendapatkan hasil tes yg akurat

Pre-post test counseling

Pre test konseling :
Informasi ttg tes HIV Informasi ttg penularan HIV dan bagaimana cara melindungi diri Informasi ttg kerahasiaan hasil test Penjelasan yg mudah dipahami ttg arti dari hasil test

Post test konseling :

Penjelasan ttg hasil test Konseling pencegahan HIV jika hasil test negatif

Jika hasil test : positif

CARILAH DOKTER YANG BERPENGALAMAN DALAM MENANGANI HIV JALANI PEMERIKSAAN UNTUK PENYAKIT LAIN, SEPERTI : IMS DAN TB PERTAHANKAN GAYA HIDUP YANG SEHAT SAFER SEX PRACTICE AND USE CONDOM CONSISTENLY AND CORRECTLY TELL YOUR PARTNER(S) ABOUT YOUR HIV STATUS BEFORE YOU HAVE ANY TYPE OF SEXUAL CONTACT (VAGINAL, ANAL, OR ORAL)

 If you have HIV, you can be cured if you have sex with a virgin.
THERES NO CURE FOR HIV

MITOS SEPUTAR HIV

Antiretrovirals will cure HIV/AIDS.

medicines control the virus and slow the progression of HIV infection NOT cure it

Drinking, bathing in, or douching with bleach will prevent HIV.

Bleach will kill HIV on injection needles and other surfaces, but is not safe or effective to use it in your mouth or on/in other parts of your body

The U.S. government created HIV/AIDS.

HIV came from nature, most likely from a particular species of monkey in Africa. HIV was probably transferred to humans when they hunted and ate the infected monkeys