LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

Laporan Praktikum Struktur dan Sifat Material ini telah diperiksa dan disahkan pada :
Hari

Tanggal

Mengetahui,
Kepala Laboratorium

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Ir. A.P Bayuseno, MSc

NIP. 196205201989021001

KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan
rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Laporan Praktikum
Struktur dan Sifat Material ini dengan baik. Laporan ini berisi semua hal yang berkaitan
dengan praktikum yang dilakukan penulis di Laboratorium Metalurgi Fisik Jurusan
Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro.
Laporan ini merupakan salah satu syarat untuk memenuhi Mata Kuliah
Praktikum Struktur dan Sifat Material di Jurusan Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Diponegoro.
Pada kesempatan ini, penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada :
1. Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Ir. A.P Bayuseno, MSc selaku Kepala Laboratorium Metalurgi
Fisik Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Diponegoro..
2. Asisten Laboratorium Metalurgi Fisik Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas
Diponegoro
3. Teman-teman Angkatan 2011 yang telah membantu dalam menyelesaikan Laporan
Praktikum Struktur & Sifat Material.
Penulis sadar bahwa Laporan ini masih jauh dari sempurna, segala kritik dan
saran yang sifatnya membangun guna perbaikan yang akan datang akan sangat dihargai.

Semarang,

Desember 2013

Penulis

ii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL...............................................................................

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................

ii

KATA PENGANTAR ...........................................................................

iii

DAFTAR ISI ..........................................................................................

iv

DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................

viii

DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................

xi

NOMENKLATUR .................................................................................

xii

BAB I UJI TARIK . ................................................................................

1.1. PENDAHULUAN .........................................................................

1.1.1 Latar Belakang ...............................................................................

1.1.2 Tujuan Praktikum ..........................................................................

1.2. DASAR TEORI .............................................................................

1.2.1 Klasifikasi Baja Menurut Kadar Karbon........................................

1.2.2 Tegangan ( Stress ) dan Regangan (Strain)....................................

A. Engineering Stress..........................................................................

B. True Stress......................................................................................

C. Engineering Strain.........................................................................

D. True Strain......................................................................................

1.2.3 Deformasi.......................................................................................

1.2.4 Kurva Tegangan-Regangan............................................................

A. Yield Strength.................................................................................

B. Ultimate Tensile Strength...............................................................

C. Necking...........................................................................................

D. Modulus Elastisitas.........................................................................

1.2.5 Aplikasi Pengujian Tarik................................................................

1.3. METODOLOGI............................................................................. .

1.3.1 Alat dan Bahan...............................................................................

7
iii

1.3.2 Diagram Alir Pengujian.................................................................

1.4. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .....................................................

10

1.4.1 Data pengujian................................................................................

10

1.4.2 Analisa data...................................................................................

14

1.5

PENUTUP.....................................................................................

17

1.5.1 Kesimpulan....................................................................................

17

BAB II HEAT TREATMENT .................................................................

18

2.1

PENDAHULUAN.........................................................................

18

2.1.1 Latar Belakang...............................................................................

18

2.1.2 Tujuan Praktikum...........................................................................

19

2.2

DASAR TEORI.............................................................................

19

2.2.1 Pengertian Heat Treatment............................................................

19

2.2.2 Jenis Jenis Heat Treatment.........................................................

20

2.2.3 Aplikasi Proses Heat Treatment....................................................

24

2.3

METODOLOGI PENGUJIAN.....................................................

26

2.3.1 Diagram Alir Pengujian.................................................................

26

2.3.2 Langkah Pengujian........................................................................

27

2.3.3 Peralatan Yang Digunakan............................................................

28

2.4

HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN....................................................

29

2.4.1 Data Hasil Percobaan....................................................................

29

2.4.2 Analisa Data..................................................................................

29

2.5

PENUTUP.....................................................................................

31

2.5.1 Kesimpulan....................................................................................

31

BAB III UJI KEKERASAN...................................................................

32

3.1

32

PENDAHULUAN .........................................................................

3.1.1 Latar Belakang........................................................................

32

3.1.2 Tujuan Praktikum....................................................................

32

3.2

DASAR TEORI....................................................................... .....

3.2.1 Pengertian Kekerasan................................................................

33
33

iv

3.2.2 Pengujian Kekerasan .....................................................................

33

3.2.3 Nilai Konversi Kekerasan ..............................................................

38

3.2.4 Aplikasi di Dunia Industri........................................................

42

3.3

. 44

METODOLOGI PENGUJIAN.................................................

3.3.1 Diagram Alir Pengujian...........................................................

44

3.3.2 Langkah Pengujian..................................................................

45

3.3.3 Peralatan Yang Digunakan.......................................................

46

3.3.4 Bahan Pengujian ............................................................................

48

3.4

49

HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN.................................................

3.4.1 Data Pengujian.......................................................................

49

3.4.2 Pengolahan Data.....................................................................

50

3.4.3 Analisa Data...........................................................................

54

3.5

PENUTUP.............................................................................

57

3.5.1 Kesimpulan............................................................................

57

BAB IV UJI JOMINY ............................................................................ .

58

4.1

58

PENDAHULUAN.........................................................................

4.1.1 Latar Belakang................................................................................

58

4.1.2 Tujuan Praktikum............................................................................

58

4.2

DASAR TEORI..............................................................................

58

4.2.1 Pengertian Kemampukerasan..........................................................

58

4.2.2 Mekanisme Transformasi Fasa...............................

59

4.2.3 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kemampukerasan Baja......................

64

4.2.4 Aplikasi Jominy Test.......................................................................

66

4.3

67

METODOLOGI PENGUJIAN......................................................

4.3.1 Diagram Alir....................................................................................

67

4.3.2 Bahan dan Peralatan Percobaan.......................................................

68

4.3.3 Langkah Percobaan..........................................................................

72

4.4

73

HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN......................................................

4.4.1 Data Percobaan................................................................................

73

4.4.2 Analisa Data....................................................................................

76

4.5

PENUTUP......................................................................................

78

4.5.1 Kesimpulan.....................................................................................

78

BAB V MIKROGRAFI ......................................................................... ..

79

5.1

PENDAHULUAN...........................................................................

79

5.1.1 Latar Belakang.................................................................................

79

5.1.2 Tujuan Praktikum.............................................................................

80

5.2

DASAR TEORI...............................................................................

80

5.2.1 Pengujian Struktur Kristal................................................................

80

5.2.1.1 Pengujian Struktur Makro..............................................................

82

5.2.1.2 Pengujian Struktur Mikro............................................................... 82

5.2.2 Material Uji....................................................................................... 85
5.2.3 Aplikasi Pengujian Mikrografi.......................................................... 86
5.3

METODOLOGI PENGUJIAN........................................................

87

5.3.1 Peralatan Pengujian........................................................................... 87

5.3.1.1 Alat.................................................................................................

87

5.3.1.2 Bahan.............................................................................................

89

5.3.2 Langkah Percobaan..........................................................................

90

5.3.3 Diagram Alir Pengujian....................................................................

91

5.4

HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN........................................................

92

5.4.1 Analisa Pengujian.............................................................................

92

5.5

PENUTUP........................................................................................

94

5.5.1 Kesimpulan.......................................................................................

94

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Kurva tegangan regangan...................................................

Gambar 1.2 Universal Testing Machine.................................................

Gambar 1.3 Diagram alir uji tarik...........................................................

Gambar 1.4 Perbandingan Grafik Engineering Stress-Truee Stress

Antara Baja ST 40 dan Baja ST 60....................................

15

Gambar 2.1 Diagram Fasa Besi-Karbon ................................................

18

Gambar 2.2 Tapak Rantai pada Tank ...

25

Gambar 2.3 Furnace Chamber HOFFMANN TYPE KL.

28

Gambar 3.1 Mohs Scratch Test Kit...........................................................

33

Gambar 3.2 Sclesroscope...................................................................

35

Gambar 3.3 Brinell Hardness Tester ........... ..........................................

36

Gambar 3.4 Alat Uji Kekerasan Rockwell Model HR-150A....................

37

Gambar 3.5 Cara Pengukuran diameter pada Identor Vickers................

38

Gambar 3.6 Perbandingan dari Beberapa Skala Kekerasan....................

39

Gambar 3.7 Pengukuran Kekerasan Pada Pipa Secara Manual..............

42

Gambar 3.8 Magnetic Barkhausen Noise...........................................

43

Gambar 3.9 Amplas .......................................................................................

46

Gambar 3.10 Vernier Caliper .................................................................

47

Gambar 3.11 Rockwell Hardness Tester Model HR-150A..................

47

Gambar 3.12 Mesin polish / Grinder ......................................................

48

Gambar 3.13 Spesimen uji......................................................................

48

Gambar 3.14 Grafik Nilai Kekerasan Non Perlakuan .

54

Gambar 3.15 Grafik Nilai Kekerasan Perlakuan Air..

55

Gambar 3.16 Grafik Nilai Kekerasan Perlakuan Udara .

55

Gambar 4.1 Diagram fasa Fe-Fe3C........................................................

60

Gambar 4.2 Diagram TTT untuk Iron-Carbon Alloy ( Ferrite ).............

61

Gambar 4.3 Diagram TTT untuk Eutectoid.............................................

62

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Gambar 4.5 Diagram TTT untuk Baja Hypereutectoid

63

Gambar 4.6 Diagram CCT untuk eutectoid Iron-Carbon Alloy

64

Gambar 4.7 Diagram Alir pengujian Jominy .

67

Gambar 4.8 Baja ST 40 ..

68

Gambar 4.9 Baja ST 60

69

Gambar 4.10 Mesin uji Heat treatment ..

69

Gambar 4.11 vernier caliper.

69

Gambar 4.12 Bak pengujian ..

70

Gambar 4.13 Mesin uji kekerasan Rockwell ............

70

Gambar 4.14 Mesin pemotong logam .

70

Gambar 4.15 Mesin Grinding 71

Gambar 4.16 Amplas yang digunakan.. 71
Gambar 4.17 Air ... 71
Gambar 4.18 Termokopel.

71

Gambar 4.19 Memanaskan benda uji ... 72

Gambar 4.20 Proses pendinginan uji jominy..... 72
Gambar 4.21 pengujian kekerasan . 72
Gambar 4.22 Baja ST 60 73
Gambar 4.23 Baja ST 60 74
Gambar 4.24 Grafik kekerasan baja ST 40 76
Gambar 4.25 Grafik kekerasan baja ST 60.. 77
Gambar 4.26 Grafik kekerasan baja ST 60 ............ 78
Gambar 5.1 Struktur Kristal Pemusatan Ruang (BCC/Body Centeed Cristal)....... 80
Gambar 5.2 Struktur Kristal Pemusatan Sisi (FCC/Flank Centerd Crystal) .. ..... 81
Gambar 5.3 Struktur kristal Hexagonal Closed Packed ...................................... 82
Gambar 5.4 (a) martensit (b) bainit..........87
Gambar 5.5 Mikroskop .. 88
Gambar 5.6 Baja ST 40 ...89
Gambar 5.7 Baja ST 60 .. 89
Gambar 5.8 Diagram alir metode percobaan .................................................. ..... 91
Gambar 5.9 Struktur Mikro Baja ST 40 (a) Perbesaran100x (b) Perbesaran 200x .92

viii

Gambar 5.10 Struktur mikro Baja ST 40 dari penelitian jurnal ... 92

Gambar 5.11 Struktur Mikro Baja ST 60(a) Perbesaran 100x (b)Perbesaran 200x.. 93
Gambar 5.12 Struktur mikro baja ST 60 dari jurnal penelitian 93

ix

DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Baja ST 40..........................................................................................

10

Tabel 1.2 Baja ST 60..........................................................................................

11

Tabel 1.3 Data Hasil Pengujian Tarik Baja ST 40..........................................

14

Tabel 2.1 Data Nilai Kekerasan

29

Tabel 3.1 Skala Mohs

34

Tabel 3.2 Nilai konversi kekerasan ..

40

Tabel 4.1 Kekerasan Benda Uji Awal

73

Tabel 4.2 Kekerasan baja ST-40 setelah uji jominy..

74

Tabel 4.3 Kekerasan baja ST-60 setelah uji jominy .

75

Tabel 5.1 Reaktan untuk proses pengetsaan ......................................................

84

NOMENKLATUR
Simbol

Keterangan

Satuan

Ao

Luas penampang mula-mula

mm

Au

Luas Penampang Akhir (setelah patah)

mm

AR

Kontraksi

do

Diameter penampang mula-mula

mm

du

Diameter penampang setelah patah

mm

Regangan / perpanjangan (elongation)

Modulus elastisitas

kN / mm

Beban proporsional

kN

Fy

Beban saat luluh

kN

Fm

Beban saat maksimum

kN

Ff

Beban saat patah

kN

HB

Nilai Kekerasan Brinell

HB

Nilai Kekerasan Rockwell

HR

HV

Nilai Kekerasan Vickers

HV

Lo

Panjang mula-mula

mm

Lu

Panjang setelah patah

mm

Tegangan

kN

'

Tegangan sebenarnya

kN.mm

Tegangan saat patah

kN / mm

Tegangan maksimum

kN / mm

Tegangan saat luluh

kN / mm

HRA

xi

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]. Jurnal Pengembangan Sistem Pengukuran Sifat Mekanik Bahan dengan Prinsip Uji
Tarik oleh Reynaldo, M.Fdan Suprijadi, Departemen Fisika, Institut Teknologi
Bandung
[2]. Jobsheet Praktikum Struktur dan Sifat Material Laboratorium Metalurgi Fisik
[3]. Callister, William D. Materials Science and Engineering
[4]. UJI TARIK HIDRODINAMIKMODEL KAPAL BERSAYAP WiSE DENGAN
LAMBUNG DASAR BERSTEP(Iskendar, Andi Jamaluddin, Paulus Indiyono)
[5]. Laboratorium Metalurgi Fisik Teknik Mesin UNDIP
[6]. http://www.efunda.com/
[7]. http://andarkusuma.wordpress.com/2013/01/13/heat-treatment-pada-logam/
[8]. http://insentif.ristek.go.id/petunjuk/BHN_2013/RT-2013-1439_doc.pdf
[9]. Groover, Mikell. Fundamentals of Moderen Manufacturing
[10]. Dieter, Goerge. Mechanical Metallurgy
[11]. SASE Company, Inc. Hardness Test Kit, Mohs Scratch Test Kit
[12]. Adrien Trillon, Franois Deneuville, Magnetic Barkhausen Noise for hardness
checking on steel
[13]. http://dvanhlast.wordpress.com/tag/jominy-test/
[14]. sisfo.itp.ac.id/bahanajar/.../10%20Hardenability.pdf
[15]. Jurnal: A Review On Jominy Test And Determination Of Effect Of Alloying
Elements On Hardenability Of Steel Using Jominy End Quench Test, Bhaskar
Chandra Kandpal, Agnay Chutani, Amit Gulia, Harsimran, Chandan Sadanna,
India. July 2011
[16]. Ashby, Michael F. Engineering Material 1 : An Introduction to their Properties
and Application-2nd Ed.2002:Butterworth Heinemann.
[17]. http://pakdheekris.blogspot.com/2011/01/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html
[18]. Jurnal :Pengujian sifat mekanis dan strutur mikro pisau hammer mill pada mesin
penggiling jagung PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia cabang Semarang.
[19]. Jurnal : Penelitian Yusuf Umardhani, Pengerasan Permukaan Baja Karbon ST 40
dengan Metode Nitridasi dalam Larutan Garam.
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